“…The approximation of time-related arrivals and patient characteristics (e.g., gender, age, and disease) is especially in focus for emergency patients, while no-show rates are interesting for elective patients. Another topic of research interest is to integrate upstream and/or downstream processes in the decision model (see e.g., [ 29 ], such as patient admission scheduling (see e.g., [ 30 ]), operating room scheduling (see e.g., [ 4 , 21 , 38 ]), bed transport services (see e.g., [ 7 , 42 ]) or staff rostering (see e.g., [ 19 , 45 ]). This integration makes it possible to obtain information about conflicts of interests of individual problems.…”