Durability of resistance and cost of virulence

Pietravalle, Stéphane; Lemarié, Stéphane; Bosch, Frank van den

doi:10.1007/1-4020-4525-5_9

Cited by 14 publications

(23 citation statements)

References 18 publications

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“…When combined with quantitative resistance in ‘DarmorMX’, the qualitative Rlm6 resistance provided effective control of phoma stem canker until at least the 5th year, 2 yr longer than when it was deployed in a susceptible background ‘EurolMX’. This conclusion, based on direct experimental evidence for a field crop attacked by a fungal disease, is consistent with both theoretical predictions (Pietravalle et al. , 2006) and glasshouse work with a virus disease (Palloix et al.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 87%

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Quantitative resistance increases the durability of qualitative resistance to Leptosphaeria maculans in Brassica napus

et al. 2009

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Summary• It has frequently been hypothesized that quantitative resistance increases the durability of qualitative (R-gene mediated) resistance but supporting experimental evidence is rare. To test this hypothesis, near-isogenic lines with ⁄ without the Rgene Rlm6 introduced into two Brassica napus cultivars differing in quantitative resistance to Leptosphaeria maculans were used in a 5-yr field experiment.• Recurrent selection of natural fungal populations was done annually on each of the four plant genotypes, using crop residues from each genotype to inoculate separately the four series of field trials for five consecutive cropping seasons. Severity of phoma stem canker was measured on each genotype and frequencies of avirulence alleles in L. maculans populations were estimated.• Recurrent selection of virulent isolates by Rlm6 in a susceptible background rendered the resistance ineffective by the third cropping season. By contrast, the resistance was still effective after 5 yr of selection by the genotype combining this gene with quantitative resistance. No significant variation in the performance of quantitative resistance alone was noted over the course of the experiment.• We conclude that quantitative resistance can increase the durability of Rlm6. We recommend combining quantitative resistance with R-gene mediated resistance to enhance disease control and crop production.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 87%

“…The expected benefits of combining R ‐gene mediated resistance and quantitative resistance in a single cultivar have been investigated using mathematical models of pathogen evolution (Kiyosawa, 1982; Pietravalle et al. , 2006) but rarely confirmed experimentally.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Quantitative resistance increases the durability of qualitative resistance to Leptosphaeria maculans in Brassica napus

et al. 2009

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“…; Pietravalle et al. ). Fitness costs have classically been considered in studies of the gene‐for‐gene plant–pathogen interaction (‘cost of virulence’; see Van Der Plank ), but have rarely been addressed in the context of partial resistance.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

“…The costs associated with pathogen adaptation to hosts are among the most important factors determining the rate and extent of adapted isolate emergence (Aubertot et al 2006;Pietravalle et al 2006). Fitness costs have classically been considered in studies of the gene-for-gene plant-pathogen interaction ('cost of virulence'; see Van Der Plank 1963), but have rarely been addressed in the context of partial resistance.…”

Section: No Apparent Fitness Cost Associated With Adaptationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Adaptation of a plant pathogen to partial host resistance: selection for greater aggressiveness in grapevine downy mildew

Delmas

Fabre

Jolivet

et al. 2016

Evolutionary Applications

105

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An understanding of the evolution of pathogen quantitative traits in response to host selective pressures is essential for the development of durable management strategies for resistant crops. However, we still lack experimental data on the effects of partial host resistance on multiple phenotypic traits (aggressiveness) and evolutionary strategies in pathogens. We performed a cross‐inoculation experiment with four grapevine hosts and 103 isolates of grapevine downy mildew (Plasmopara viticola) sampled from susceptible and partially resistant grapevine varieties. We analysed the neutral and adaptive genetic differentiation of five quantitative traits relating to pathogen transmission. Isolates from resistant hosts were more aggressive than isolates from susceptible hosts, as they had a shorter latency period and higher levels of spore production. This pattern of adaptation contrasted with the lack of neutral genetic differentiation, providing evidence for directional selection. No specificity for a particular host variety was detected. Adapted isolates had traits that were advantageous on all resistant varieties. There was no fitness cost associated with this genetic adaptation, but several trade‐offs between pathogen traits were observed. These results should improve the accuracy of prediction of fitness trajectories for this biotrophic pathogen, an essential element for the modelling of durable deployment strategies for resistant varieties.

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“…A heterogeneous host population is expected to select for a heterogeneous pathogen population (59), and the proportion of susceptible host types present can influence the time required for pathogen populations to overcome host resistance (84,108). Plant diversity, in time or space, may provide an ecosystem service by slowing pathogen evolution to virulence.…”

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confidence: 99%

Beyond Yield: Plant Disease in the Context of Ecosystem Services

Cheatham¹,

Rouse²,

Esker

et al. 2009

Phytopathology®

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The ecosystem services concept provides a means to define successful disease management more broadly, beyond short-term crop yield evaluations. Plant disease can affect ecosystem services directly, such as through removal of plants providing services, or indirectly through the effects of disease management activities, including pesticide applications, tillage, and other methods of plant removal. Increased plant biodiversity may reduce disease risk if susceptible host tissue becomes less common, or may increase risk if additional plant species are important in completing pathogen life cycles. Arthropod and microbial biodiversity may play similar roles. Distant ecosystems may provide a disservice as the setting for the evolution of pathogens that later invade a focal ecosystem, where plants have not evolved defenses. Conversely, distant ecosystems may provide a service as sources of genetic resources of great value to agriculture, including disease resistance genes. Good policies are needed to support conservation and optimal use of genetic resources, protect ecosystems from exotic pathogens, and limit the homogeneity of agricultural systems. Research is needed to provide policy makers, farmers, and consumers with the information required for evaluating trade-offs in the pursuit of the full range of ecosystem services desired from managed and native ecosystems.

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Durability of resistance and cost of virulence

Cited by 14 publications

References 18 publications

Quantitative resistance increases the durability of qualitative resistance to Leptosphaeria maculans in Brassica napus

Quantitative resistance increases the durability of qualitative resistance to Leptosphaeria maculans in Brassica napus

Adaptation of a plant pathogen to partial host resistance: selection for greater aggressiveness in grapevine downy mildew

Beyond Yield: Plant Disease in the Context of Ecosystem Services

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