Dual mechanisms of cognitive control in bilinguals and monolinguals

Morales, Julia; Gómez‐Ariza, Carlos J.; Bajo, M. Teresa

doi:10.1080/20445911.2013.807812

Cited by 104 publications

(114 citation statements)

References 86 publications

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“…Future work might profit from using other tasks that measure different components of inhibitory control, such as the AX Type Visual Continuous Performance Task (Morales, Gómez-Ariza, & Bajo, 2013) in order to ensure that our null findings reflect truly uncorrelated constructs.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Anchors aweigh: The impact of overlearning on entrenchment effects in statistical learning.

Bulgarelli

Weiss

2016

Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cogni

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Previous research has found that when learners encounter multiple artificial languages in succession only the first is learned, unless there are contextual cues correlating with the change in structure or if exposure to the second language is protracted. These experiments provided a fixed amount of exposure irrespective of when learning occurred. Here, we presented learners with two consecutive artificial languages testing learning after each minute of familiarization. In Experiment 1, learners received fixed input, and we replicated the primacy effect. In Experiment 2, learners advanced to the second language immediately following robust learning of the first language (thereby limiting additional exposure past the point of learning). Remarkably, learners tended to acquire and retain both languages, although contextual cues did not boost performance further. Notably, there was no correlation between performance on this task and a flanker task that measured inhibitory control. Overall, our findings suggest that anchoring effects in statistical learning may be due to overlearning. We speculate that learners may reduce their attention to the input once they achieve a low level of estimation uncertainty.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Anchors aweigh: The impact of overlearning on entrenchment effects in statistical learning.

Bulgarelli

Weiss

2016

Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cogni

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“…When the inhibition was successful it was reduced 50 ms and if not, increased in 50 ms, so that according to the performance the software tried to maintain a stopping probability of 50%. We considered the Stop-Signal Reaction Time (SSRT) as a measure of motor inhibition efficiency (Verbruggen and Logan, 2008; Verbruggen et al, 2008; Morales et al, 2013). …”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…We used the same version of the task as Morales et al (2013) did to explore the adjustment of proactive/reactive cognitive control. In each trial participants were presented with five letters for 300 ms each (cue – three distractors – probe) in the center of a black screen, with a fixed inter-stimuli interval of 1000 ms.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Training on Working Memory and Inhibitory Control in Young Adults

Maraver

Bajo

Gómez‐Ariza

2016

Front. Hum. Neurosci.

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Different types of interventions have focused on trying to improve Executive Functions (EFs) due to their essential role in human cognition and behavior regulation. Although EFs are thought to be diverse, most training studies have targeted cognitive processes related to working memory (WM), and fewer have focused on training other control mechanisms, such as inhibitory control (IC). In the present study, we aimed to investigate the differential impact of training WM and IC as compared with control conditions performing non-executive control activities. Young adults were divided into two training (WM/IC) and two (active/passive) control conditions. Over six sessions, the training groups engaged in three different computer-based adaptive activities (WM or IC), whereas the active control group completed a program with low control-demanding activities that mainly involved processing speed. In addition, motivation and engagement were monitored through the training. The WM-training activities required maintenance, updating and memory search processes, while those from the IC group engaged response inhibition and interference control. All participants were pre- and post-tested in criterion tasks (n-back and Stroop), near transfer measures of WM (Operation Span) and IC (Stop-Signal). Non-trained far transfer outcome measures included an abstract reasoning test (Raven’s Advanced Progressive Matrices) and a well-validated experimental task (AX-CPT) that provides indices of cognitive flexibility considering proactive/reactive control. Training results revealed that strongly motivated participants reached higher levels of training improvements. Regarding transfer effects, results showed specific patterns of near transfer effects depending on the type of training. Interestingly, it was only the IC training group that showed far transfer to reasoning. Finally, all trained participants showed a shift toward a more proactive mode of cognitive control, highlighting a general effect of training on cognitive flexibility. The present results reveal specific and general modulations of executive control mechanisms after brief training intervention targeting either WM or IC.

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“…Although there is uncertainty about the validity of self-report as a source of proficiency data, other authors have noted the high correlation between such metrics and objective measures (cf. Marian et al, 2007; see also Morales et al, 2013;Signorelli et al, 2012 …”

Section: Participantsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Brain functional plasticity associated with the emergence of expertise in extreme language control

2015

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We used functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to longitudinally examine brain plasticity arising from long-term, intensive simultaneous interpretation training. Simultaneous interpretation is a bilingual task with heavy executive control demands. We compared brain responses observed during simultaneous interpretation with those observed during simultaneous speech repetition (shadowing) in a group of trainee simultaneous interpreters, at the beginning and at the end of their professional training program. Age, sex and languageproficiency matched controls were scanned at similar intervals. Using multivariate pattern classification, we found distributed patterns of changes in functional responses from the first to second scan that distinguished the interpreters from the controls. We also found reduced recruitment of the right caudate nucleus during simultaneous interpretation as a result of training. Such practice-related change is consistent with decreased demands on multilingual language control as the task becomes more automatized with practice. These results demonstrate the impact of simultaneous interpretation training on the brain functional response in a cerebral structure that is not specifically linguistic, but that is known to be involved in learning, in motor control, and in a variety of domain-general executive functions. Along with results of recent studies showing functional and structural adaptations in the caudate nuclei of experts in a broad range of domains, our results underline the importance of this structure as a central node in expertise-related networks.

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Dual mechanisms of cognitive control in bilinguals and monolinguals

Cited by 104 publications

References 86 publications

Anchors aweigh: The impact of overlearning on entrenchment effects in statistical learning.

Anchors aweigh: The impact of overlearning on entrenchment effects in statistical learning.

Training on Working Memory and Inhibitory Control in Young Adults

Brain functional plasticity associated with the emergence of expertise in extreme language control

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