Drug Excretion

Barreto, Erin F.; Larson, Thomas R.; Koubek, Emily J.

doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-820472-6.99999-7

Cited by 8 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 122 publications

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“…NPs can impact drug metabolism by modulating the activity of drug-metabolizing enzymes and transporters in the liver and other organs [113,114]. By improving drug metabolism and elimination, nanoparticle-based delivery systems contribute to the maintenance of optimal drug levels, prolonged drug activity, and improved therapeutic outcomes [115]. These NPs can influence the expression and function of enzymes such as cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes, which are responsible for the metabolism of many drugs.…”

Section: Metabolismmentioning

confidence: 99%

Chitosan-Based Nano Systems for Natural Antioxidants in Breast Cancer Therapy

et al. 2023

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Breast cancer is a major cause of death globally, accounting for around 13% of all deaths. Chemotherapy, the common treatment for cancer, can have side effects that lead to the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and an increase in oxidative stress in the body. Antioxidants are important for maintaining the health of cells and helping the immune system function properly. They play a crucial role in balancing the body’s internal environment. Using natural antioxidants is an alternative to mitigate the harmful effects of oxidative stress. However, around 80% of natural antioxidants have limited effectiveness when taken orally because they do not dissolve well in water or other solvents. This poor solubility affects their ability to be absorbed by the body and limits their bioavailability. One strategy that has been considered is to increase their water solubility to increase their oral bioavailability. Chitosan-based nanoparticle (CSNP) systems have been extensively explored due to their reliability and simpler synthesis routes. This review focuses on the various methods of chitosan-based nanoformulation for developing effective oral dosage forms for natural antioxidants based on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics properties. Chitosan (CS) could be a model, because of its wide use in polymeric NPs research, thus providing a better understanding of the role of vehicles that carry natural antioxidants in maintaining the stability and enhancing the performance of cancer drugs.

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Section: Metabolismmentioning

confidence: 99%

Chitosan-Based Nano Systems for Natural Antioxidants in Breast Cancer Therapy

et al. 2023

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“…Phase II reactions inactivate a substrate through adding a polar conjugate, most commonly glucuronide, which facilitates subsequent elimination through urine or bile. The extent of metabolism of a molecule is determined by the molecular structure, as a substrate may undergo either or both phase reactions [115].…”

Section: Metabolismmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Elimination or excretion (also called clearance, CL) represents the process of removal of drugs or by-products from the body, sometimes following metabolism [115]. The renal and hepatic routes are the most common ways of elimination, other routes include the lungs, intestine and secretory glands such as sweat, saliva and tears.…”

Section: Eliminationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pharmacokinetics of Antimicrobials in Children with Emphasis on Challenges Faced by Low and Middle Income Countries, a Clinical Review

et al. 2022

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Effective antimicrobial exposure is essential to treat infections and prevent antimicrobial resistance, both being major public health problems in low and middle income countries (LMIC). Delivery of drug concentrations to the target site is governed by dose and pharmacokinetic processes (absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion). However, specific data on the pharmacokinetics of antimicrobials in children living in LMIC settings are scarce. Additionally, there are significant logistical constraints to therapeutic drug monitoring that further emphasize the importance of understanding pharmacokinetics and dosing in LMIC. Both malnutrition and diarrheal disease reduce the extent of enteral absorption. Multiple antiretrovirals and antimycobacterial agents, commonly used by children in low resource settings, have potential interactions with other antimicrobials. Hypoalbuminemia, which may be the result of malnutrition, nephrotic syndrome or liver failure, increases the unbound concentrations of protein bound drugs that may therefore be eliminated faster. Kidney function develops rapidly during the first years of life and different inflammatory processes commonly augment renal clearance in febrile children, potentially resulting in subtherapeutic drug concentrations if doses are not adapted. Using a narrative review approach, we outline the effects of growth, maturation and comorbidities on maturational and disease specific effects on pharmacokinetics in children in LMIC.

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“…While passive diffusion plays a significant role in drug excretion into saliva, active transport, likely involving transporters such as OCT3, has been identified in some cases. However, the mechanisms underlying active drug transport into saliva are still not fully understood [ 13 , 14 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Salivary Therapeutic Drug Monitoring of Antimicrobial Therapy: Feasible or Futile?

Davies Forsman,

Kim,

Nguyen

et al. 2024

Clin Pharmacokinet

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Personalised drug dosing through therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) is important to maximise efficacy and to minimise toxicity. Hurdles preventing broad implementation of TDM in routine care include the need of sophisticated equipment and highly trained staff, high costs and lack of timely results. Salivary TDM is a non-invasive, patient-friendly alternative to blood sampling, which has the potential to overcome barriers with traditional TDM. A mobile UV spectrophotometer may provide a simple solution for analysing drug concentrations in saliva samples. Salivary TDM utilising point-of-care tests can support personalised dosing in various settings including low-resource as well as remote settings. In this opinion paper, we describe how hurdles of implementing traditional TDM may be mitigated by salivary TDM with new strategies for patient-friendly point-of-care testing.

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Drug Excretion

Cited by 8 publications

References 122 publications

Chitosan-Based Nano Systems for Natural Antioxidants in Breast Cancer Therapy

Chitosan-Based Nano Systems for Natural Antioxidants in Breast Cancer Therapy

Pharmacokinetics of Antimicrobials in Children with Emphasis on Challenges Faced by Low and Middle Income Countries, a Clinical Review

Salivary Therapeutic Drug Monitoring of Antimicrobial Therapy: Feasible or Futile?

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