Droplet Spectra and Drift Potential Generated by Flat-Fan Nozzles Spraying New Formulations of 2,4-D Engineered for Drift Reduction

Abstract

The aim of this work was to analyze the effect of spray solutions containing new formulations of 2,4-D choline salt (Enlist™ with Colex-D™ and Enlist Duo™ with Colex-D) on the droplet spectra and drift potential generated by flat-fan nozzles. The experimental design included comparisons between solutions with a single herbicide in it: 2,4-D dimethylamine salt (DMA™ 806 BR) and 2,4-D choline salt (Enlist with Colex-D). We also compared the premix of 2,4-D choline salt and glyphosate dimethylamine salt (Enlist Duo Colex-D) with tank mixtures of the 2,4-D dimethylamine salt with three different formulations of glyphosate (Glizmax® Prime, Roundup Transorb R, and Zapp QI). Labeled rates of the herbicides were diluted to 80 L ha−1 and sprayed with flat-fan nozzles at 2.8 bar (Teejet XR11002 and AIXR11002). The volume median diameter and the percentage of droplets smaller than 105 µm (V105) were obtained using an online particle-size analysis system. The drift index was calculated based on data collected in a wind tunnel at a wind speed of 2.5 m s−1. The amount of drift deposited on nylon strings at 2 m downwind from the nozzle was converted to a percentage of the total volume of spray solution sprayed on each replication. The results showed that the new formulation of 2,4-D choline salt engineered for drift reduction (Enlist Colex-D) provided lower drift potential based on both the droplet spectra and the wind tunnel data compared to the standard 2,4-D dimethylamine salt. The same result was found when comparing the premix of 2,4-D choline salt and glyphosate dimethylamine salt with tank mixtures of 2,4-D dimethylamine salt with glyphosate, regardless of whether glyphosate formulation was part of the tank mixture.

Spray drift potential of dicamba plus S‐metolachlor formulations

“…Similar results were reported in a wind tunnel study. 24 Spray deposition curves and model parameters for all nozzles and spray solutions tested are presented in Fig. 3 and Table 6.…”

“…12,14 Advances in formulation technology 20 fostered the development of products with reduced spray drift potential, [21][22][23] especially for herbicide premixtures containing multiple active ingredients. [24][25][26] Soybean and cotton early-postemergent herbicide applications in the USA often include very-long-chain fatty acid inhibiting herbicide (WSSA Group 15) such as S-metolachlor to provide residual control of Palmer amaranth (Amaranthus palmeri S. Watson) and waterhemp (Amaranthus tuberculatus (Moq.) J. D. Sauer) late germination flushes.…”

Particle drift potential of glyphosate plus 2,4-D choline pre-mixture formulation in a low-speed wind tunnel

“…Despite efforts surrounding proper nozzle selection (Creech et al 2015;Dorr et al 2013), new herbicide formulations and adjuvants (Antuniassi et al 2016;Havens et al 2018;Hilz and Vermeer 2013;Kalsing et al 2018;Li et al 2013), new spraying techniques (Butts et al 2018c;Rodrigues et al 2018), and strategies to mitigate spray drift (Foster et al 2018;Ucar and Hall 2001;Vieira et al 2018a), 2,4-D remains a herbicide associated with drift and crop injury complaints (Egan et al 2014;Havens et al 2018). The hypothesis of this study was that differences in droplet size and droplet velocity could influence spray drift of Enlist Duo ® applications with venturi nozzles.…”

“…Applications of 2,4-D on soybean require the use of venturi nozzles having air-inclusion and preorifice components to reduce pressure during atomization, thereby increasing spray droplet size and reducing particle drift potential (Creech et al 2015;Dorr et al 2013). Spray drift reduction (particles and vapor) can also be achieved with the development of new emulsion formulations, including the glyphosate dimethylamine salt þ 2,4-D choline pre-mixture formulation (Enlist Duo ® , Corteva™ Agriscience, Wilmington, DE 19805) tested in this study (Antuniassi et al 2016;Havens et al 2018;Kalsing et al 2018;Li et al 2013).…”

Bioestimulante E Fertilizante Foliar Na Redução De Injúrias Em Plantas De Soja Causadas Pelo 2,4-D

“…A aplicação de 2,4-D em culturas geneticamente modificadas tolerantes ao herbicida, tem suscitado preocupações, especificamente no caso de deriva para os campos de produção de variedades da mesma espécie ou de outras espécies suscetíveis, como o algodão e feijão, bem como de frutíferas e hortaliças (MORTENSEN et al, 2012;WIEDAU et al 2019). Devido a ocorrência destes danos em culturas de interesse econômico, a busca de alternativas para amenizar as injúrias têm sido realizadas (SANTOS et al, 2015;ANTUNIASSI et al, 2018).…”