RESUMO -A eficácia de tratamentos fitossanitários depende das características físico-químicas das caldas de pulverização. Dessa forma, o presente trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar o efeito da temperatura da calda e da adição de adjuvantes de uso agrícola nas características físico-químicas de soluções aquosas para aplicação de agrotóxicos. Foram avaliados potencial hidrogeniônico, condutividade elétrica, densidade, viscosidade dinâmica, tensão superficial e estabilidade de soluções aquosas contendo quatro adjuvantes comerciais de uso agrícola, além de uma amostra com apenas água, submetidas a temperaturas de 5 o C, 15 o C e 25 o C. Foi utilizado delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com quatro repetições, em fatorial 5 x 3. De acordo com os resultados, pôde-se concluir que a alteração da temperatura da calda influenciou as características físico-químicas de maneira diferenciada para cada adjuvante, o que demonstra a complexidade do estudo dessa relação e a impossibilidade de fazer generalizações. O efeito dos adjuvantes nas caracterísiticas físico-químicas das soluções aquosas mostrou-se dependente de sua composição química e formulação. A temperatura influenciou a viscosidade com maior intensidade, enquanto a tensão superficial foi a característica físico-química mais sensível ao uso de adjuvante.Palavras-chave: aditivos de calda, agroquímicos, surfatantes, tecnologia de aplicação.ABSTRACT -Pesticide application efficiency is dependent upon the physical-chemical characteristics of the spray aqueous solution. Thus, this study evaluated adjuvant addition and temperature effect on the physical-chemical characteristics of pesticide spray aqueous solutions. Hydrogenionic potential, electrical conductivity, density, dynamic viscosity, surface tension and stability of aqueous solution with four commercial adjuvants were evaluated, besides water alone. A randomized design with four replications was used, in a factorial scheme (5 x 3). According to the results, it could be concluded that the temperature effect on the physical-chemical characteristics was different for each adjuvant, showing that no simple or linear relationship could be observed. The adjuvant effect on the physicalchemical characteristics of aqueous solutions was based on their chemical properties and formulation. Temperature affected viscosity with more intensity, while surface tension was the most sensitive characteristic of adjuvant addition.

Six experiments were conducted in 2018 on field sites located in Arkansas, Indiana, Michigan, Nebraska, Ontario, and Wisconsin to evaluate the off-target movement (OTM) of dicamba under field-scale conditions. The highest estimated percentages of dicamba injury in non–dicamba-resistant (DR) soybean were 55%, 44%, 39%, 67%, 15%, and 44% injury for noncovered areas and 55%, 5%, 13%, 42%, 0%, and 41% injury for covered areas during dicamba application in Arkansas, Indiana, Michigan, Nebraska, Ontario, and Wisconsin, respectively. The level of injury generally decreased as the downwind distance increased under covered and noncovered areas at all sites. There was an estimated 10% injury in non-DR soybean at 113, 8, 11, 8, and 8 m; and estimated 1% injury at 293, 28, 71, 15, and 19 m from the edge of treated fields downwind when plants were not covered during dicamba application in Arkansas, Indiana, Michigan, Ontario, and Wisconsin, respectively. Assessment of filter-paper collectors placed from 4 to 137 m downwind from the edge of the sprayed area suggested the dicamba deposition reduced exponentially with distance. The greatest injury to non-DR soybean from dicamba OTM occurred at Nebraska and Arkansas (as far as 250 m). Non-DR soybean injury was greatest adjacent to the dicamba sprayed area, but injury decreased with no injury beyond 20 m downwind or in any other direction from the dicamba sprayed area in Indiana, Michigan, Ontario, and Wisconsin. The presence of soybean injury under covered and noncovered areas during the spray period for primary drift suggests that secondary movement of dicamba was evident at five sites. Additional research is needed to determine the exact forms of secondary movement of dicamba under different environmental conditions.

The intensive glyphosate selection pressure exerted in soybean (Glycine max) fields in eastern Nebraska is one of the major factors causing widespread occurrence of glyphosate resistance in common waterhemp in the state. The relatively low frequency of glyphosate-resistant Palmer amaranth in the state highlights the importance of the application timing and the adoption of multiple modes of action in weed management practices to delay the evolution of glyphosate resistance. © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry.

With the release of dicamba-resistant crops, it is necessary to understand how technical and environmental conditions affect the application of dicamba. This study sought to evaluate drift from dicamba applications through flat-fan nozzles, under several wind speeds in a wind tunnel. Dicamba applications were performed through two standard (XR and TT) and two air induction (AIXR and TTI) 110015 nozzles at 0.9, 2.2, 3.6 and 4.9 ms−1 wind speeds. The applications were made at 276 kPa pressure and the dicamba rate was 561 g ae ha-1. The droplet spectrum was measured using a laser diffraction system. Artificial targets were used as drift collectors, positioned in a wind tunnel from 2 to 12 m downwind from the nozzles. Drift potential was determined using a fluorescent tracer added to solutions, quantified by fluorimetry. The air induction TTI nozzle produced the lowest percentage of dicamba drift at 2.2, 3.6 and 4.9 ms−1 wind speeds at all distances. Dicamba spray drift from XR, TT and AIXR nozzles increased exponentially as wind speed increased, whereas from TTI nozzle drift increased linearly as wind speed increased. Drift did not increase linearly as the volume percentage of droplets smaller than 100 µm and wind speed increased.

Deposição da calda na cultura da soja em função de diferentes pressões de trabalho e pontas de pulverização 1 A pressão de trabalho influencia as características da pulverização hidráulica de produtos fitossanitários e pode alterar a penetração da calda no dossel da cultura da soja. Este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar o efeito da pressão na deposição de calda em plantas de soja, promovida por diferentes modelos de pontas de pulverização. O experimento foi conduzido em delineamento de blocos ao acaso, em esquema fatorial 2 x 4 + 1, sendo duas pontas de pulverização (jato cônico vazio -ATR e jato cônico vazio com indução de ar -TVI) e quatro pressões de trabalho (689, 1034, 1379 e 1724 kPa), com um tratamento adicional (ponta de jato plano -API, a 448 kPa). A deposição de calda, corrigida para uma mesma taxa de aplicação (200 L ha -1 ), pulverizada na cultura da soja (parte superior e inferior do cultivar Vila Rica, em estádio R6), por meio de um pulverizador de barra, foi analisada, empregando-se o traçador fluorescente Rodamina B, detectado por fluorimetria. Também foi avaliado o espectro de gotas, por meio da análise de papéis hidrossensíveis. Concluiu-se que a ponta ATR, que gerou gotas de menor tamanho e mais uniformes, propiciou maior deposição do traçador do que a ponta TVI. O aumento da pressão de trabalho acarretou diminuição da deposição nas folhas da parte inferior da planta. A deposição gerada pela ponta de jato plano (API) não diferiu das geradas pelas demais pontas avaliadas. Palavras-chave:Glycine max L; pulverizador; tecnologia de aplicação. João Paulo Arantes Rodrigues da Spray deposition on soybean crop as a function of different service pressures and spray nozzlesThe service pressure influences the characteristics of the hydraulic spraying of pesticides and can change the spray penetration in the soybean canopy. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of pressure on the spray deposition in soybean crop, promoted by different models of spray nozzles. The experiment was conducted in a randomized block design, in a factorial model 2 × 4 + 1, with two nozzles (hollow cone -ATR and air induction hollow cone -TVI) and four service pressures (689, 1034(689, , 1379(689, , and 1724, with an additional treatment (flat fan nozzle at 448 kPa-API). The spray deposition on soybean (top and bottom parts of Vila Rica Cultivar R6 Stage) was analyzed using the fluorescent tracer Rhodamine B detected by fluorimetry, considering the same spray volume (200 L ha -1 ). We also evaluated the droplet spectrum, using the analysis of water-sensitive papers. It was concluded that the ATR nozzle, with smaller and more uniform droplets, resulted in a higher deposition of the tracer than the TVI nozzle. The pressure increase reduced deposition on the lower leaves. The deposit obtained with the flat fan nozzle (API) did not differ from those obtained by other nozzles.