Drives and the C. N. S. (conceptual nervous system).

Hebb, D. O.

doi:10.1037/h0041823

Cited by 1,819 publications

(526 citation statements)

References 35 publications

(23 reference statements)

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“…Hebb (1955) used these results to support the psycholo gical idea of an intensity factor in behaviou r which operates in at least partial independe nce of factors governin g qualitati ve behaviou ral changes. As in Stellar' s interpre tation of the hypothala mic data, the proposed underlyin g neural mechanism is simply the overall firing rate, or tonie neural activity , of the reticula r formation .…”

Section: Physio10gica1 Mechanismsmentioning

confidence: 84%

“…One tendency is to suggest a s~p1ified unid~ensiona1 mechanism, such as Hu11's (1943) genera1 drive, Hebb's (1955) drive-arousa1 hypothesis, or even, in genera1 terms, Freud's 1ibidinous energy. The second approach is the postulation of separate mechanisms to dea1 with each emotiona1 or motivational category, such as hunger or anger, sexual behaviour or jea1ousy.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…These theories also fail to make any provision for learning and perceptual phenomena, which imposes marked limitations on their general psychological value. Hull (1943) and Hebb (1955) avoided these problems by assuming one general drive underlying an intensity dimension of motivation, and accounted for qualitative d~fferences in motivational states (as between hunger and thirst) in terms of perceptual and learning mechanisms. One of the limitations of Hull's theory, however, was that his general drive could be aroused only by homeostatic imbalances in the body.…”

Section: General and Specifie Motivationa1 Mechanismsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The investigation of this phenomenon a1so appeared to be ~portant because, in spite of the fact that the concept of arousa1 (or activation) p1ays an ~ortant ro1e in the theory of motivation, emotion and 1earning (Linds1ey, 1961(Linds1ey, , 1960Hebb, 1955;Ma1mo, 1959Ma1mo, , 1962Ma1mo, , 1964Duffy, 1962) there is no adequate central measure of its neural corre1ates.…”

Section: Purpose Of the Present Studymentioning

confidence: 99%

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The role of tonic neural activity in motivational processes

Bambridge

Gijsbers

1977

Experimental Neurology

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Ph.D. Psycho10gyRichard Bambridge THE ROLE OF TONIC NEURAL ACTIVITY IN MOTIVATIONAL PROCESSESThe mu1ti-unit recording technique was used to study the activity of neuron populations in various brain locations in cats during long, natura1 behaviour sequences in a free behavioura1 situation. E1ectroen-cepha10graphic (EEG) records were a1so obtained from each recording site. The total mu1ti-unit activity 1eve1s in many of these areas, inc1uding parts of the cortex, thalamus and rcticu1ar formation, tended to co-vary, and these variations in tonic activity were associated with .. ' the observed behavioura1 arousa1 1eve1 of the cat.Variations in tonic activity in ether areas (lateral genicu1ate nucleus and inferior co11icu1us) were shown to be more re1iab1y corre1ated with specifie sensory input than with arousa1 1eve1s. Behavioura1 arousa1 1eve1s appear to be more c10se1y re1ated to tonic neural activity in many areas of the brain than to the EEG record.The neural bases of specific-center and drive arousa1 theories of motivation are examined in the 1ight of these data.

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Section: Physio10gica1 Mechanismsmentioning

confidence: 84%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: General and Specifie Motivationa1 Mechanismsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Purpose Of the Present Studymentioning

confidence: 99%

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The role of tonic neural activity in motivational processes

Bambridge

Gijsbers

1977

Experimental Neurology

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“…Physiological underarousal, indexed by dampened respiration, electrodermal activation (EDA), and heart rate (Craig, 1968; Lazarus, Speisman, & Mordkoff, 1963), has been proposed as a mechanism of impulsivity and risk‐taking behavior. In particular, Hebb (1955) first suggested that individuals are attracted to risky activities when arousal levels are low because of their stimulating nature; Eysenck and Eysenck (1985) later expanded on this idea, applying the concept of underarousal to extraversion and proposing that this personality tendency represents a means of compensating for a dampened state. More recently, it has been demonstrated that healthy individuals who endorse higher levels of impulsivity exhibit physiological underarousal at rest (Mathias & Stanford, 2003) and lower resting heart rate levels have been associated with riskier responses compared to higher baseline levels (Schmidt, Mussel, & Hewig, 2013).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Physiological underarousal as a mechanism of aggressive behavior in university athletes with a history of concussion

2018

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IntroductionResearch has indicated that athletes who engage in high‐risk athletic activities, such as football and hockey, have riskier personalities than their low‐risk and nonathlete counterparts (Ahmadi et al., 2011, Procedia Soc Behav Sci, 30 and 247–251; Zuckerman, 1983, Biological bases of sensation seeking, impulsivity, and anxiety, Lawrence Erlbaum Assoc Inc.). For instance, increased sensation‐seeking and aggression are common in high‐risk athletes, rendering these individuals more likely to sustain a subsequent injury, such as concussion. Elevated levels of certain personality traits, including impulsivity and aggression, have also been observed after concussion (Goswami et al., 2016, Brain Struct Funct, 221 and 1911–1925). The purpose of this study therefore was to determine whether aggressive behavior in university athletes may be accounted for, in part, by a history of concussion, rather than exclusively athletic status.MethodsUsing a quasi‐experimental design, 66 university students (n = 18 nonathletes, n = 24 low‐risk athletes, n = 24 high‐risk athletes) with (n = 27) and without a history of concussion (n = 39) completed the Buss & Perry Aggression Questionnaire (BPAQ; Buss & Perry, 1992, J Pers Soc Psychol, 63 and 452) and provided electrodermal activation (EDA) as an index of physiological arousal.ResultsIt was found that decreased physiological arousal among students with a history of concussion was associated with greater endorsement of physical aggression. Moreover, athletic status did not account for this pattern of aggression, as athletes and nonathletes did not differ in terms of self‐reported aggressive tendencies.ConclusionsPhysiological compromise after concussive injury may act as an independent mechanism of aggressive behavior in athletes beyond factors, such as athletic status.

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Level of Arousal and the Subclassification of Schizophrenia

Venables¹

1962

Arch Gen Psychiatry

238

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Drives and the C. N. S. (conceptual nervous system).

Cited by 1,819 publications

References 35 publications

The role of tonic neural activity in motivational processes

The role of tonic neural activity in motivational processes

Physiological underarousal as a mechanism of aggressive behavior in university athletes with a history of concussion

Level of Arousal and the Subclassification of Schizophrenia

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