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An attempt is made to analyze imagery in physiological terms. It is proposed (a) that eye movement has an organizing function, (6) that Ist-order cell assemblies are the basis of vivid specific imagery, and (c) that higher-order assemblies are the basis of less specific imagery and nonrepresentational conceptual processes. Eidetic images, hallucinations, and hypnagogic imagery are compared with the memory image, and certain peculiarities of the memory image are discussed.

In the course of an experiment dealing with individual differences of behavior among chimpanzees, observations of fear were made which held an immediate interest. Besides extending the information concerning the causes of anthropoid fear which is provided by the work of Kohler (23), Jacobsen, Jacobsen and Yoshioka (17), Yerkes and Yerkes (42), Haslerud (10), and Hebb and Riesen ( 14), the new data brought up again the question of mechanism. Analysis of the behavior leads, in the present discussion, to a review of the whole problem and an attempt to formulate an hypothesis of the causes and nature of fear. NATURE OF THE DATAValidity and reliability. The validity of naming fear in chimpanzees, or recognizing something in animals which can be identified with fear in man and the reliability of naming have been discussed elsewhere (13). There it was shown that the recognition of emotion in an animal is possible in the same way as in another human being. Fear named in an animal means either that there was actual avoidance of some object or place, or that the observer inferred from incidental behavior ('associated signs') that avoidance was imminent and likely to appear with further stimulation. When such inferences are made with confidence by experienced observers, it appears that they are valid and reliable, the criterion being the animal's subsequent behavior.Definition of fear behavior. The symbol 'W,' for withdrawal, was re-

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