Level of Arousal and the Subclassification of Schizophrenia

Venables, Peter H.

doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1962.01720020038006

Cited by 238 publications

(82 citation statements)

References 11 publications

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“…In contrast to the mixed self-report and interview profiles of hedonic capacity in schizophrenia, psychophysiological studies of patients with schizophrenia indicate comparable or more exaggerated facial responsivity to positive and negative stimuli, assessed via facial electromyography [397,398], skin conductance [399,400], and affective modulation of the startle eyeblink response [401,402]. These lines of evidence suggest that schizophrenia is characterized by deficits in the expression of pleasant emotions but not in the experiential or physiological components of emotions [390].…”

Section: Reviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

Reward circuitry dysfunction in psychiatric and neurodevelopmental disorders and genetic syndromes: animal models and clinical findings

Dichter

Damiano

Allen

2012

J Neurodevelop Disord

253

207

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This review summarizes evidence of dysregulated reward circuitry function in a range of neurodevelopmental and psychiatric disorders and genetic syndromes. First, the contribution of identifying a core mechanistic process across disparate disorders to disease classification is discussed, followed by a review of the neurobiology of reward circuitry. We next consider preclinical animal models and clinical evidence of reward-pathway dysfunction in a range of disorders, including psychiatric disorders (i.e., substance-use disorders, affective disorders, eating disorders, and obsessive compulsive disorders), neurodevelopmental disorders (i.e., schizophrenia, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, autism spectrum disorders, Tourette’s syndrome, conduct disorder/oppositional defiant disorder), and genetic syndromes (i.e., Fragile X syndrome, Prader–Willi syndrome, Williams syndrome, Angelman syndrome, and Rett syndrome). We also provide brief overviews of effective psychopharmacologic agents that have an effect on the dopamine system in these disorders. This review concludes with methodological considerations for future research designed to more clearly probe reward-circuitry dysfunction, with the ultimate goal of improved intervention strategies.

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Section: Reviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

Reward circuitry dysfunction in psychiatric and neurodevelopmental disorders and genetic syndromes: animal models and clinical findings

Dichter

Damiano

Allen

2012

J Neurodevelop Disord

253

207

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“…While the schizophrenic subjects of the present study were not categorized according to symptom clusters, previous investigations of autonomic habituation have demonstrated some differences in arousal across symptom presentations. For example, Venables and Wing (1962) found that autonomic hyperactivity, as measured by skin conductance, was positively correlated with negative symptoms. Several investigators (e.g., Dawson et al, 1994;Olbrich et al, 2001) found that resting rates of arousal were elevated in comparison to controls only with patients experiencing acute psychosis.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Psychophysiological studies primarily using EEG or skin conductance orienting response (SCOR) paradigms have consistently demonstrated higher resting rates of arousal, but lowered responsivity to orienting and other moderately intense stimuli in patients with schizophrenia (Venables, 1966;Venables and Wing, 1962;Dawson et al, 1992, Olbrich et al, 2001. Consistent with these findings are studies that have demonstrated reduced autonomic habituation, as assessed by electrodermal activity, to a repeatedly presented sensory stimulus (e.g., Depue and Fowles, 1973;Gruzelier et al, 1981;Hollister et al, 1994).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 90%

The startle reflex in schizophrenia: habituation and personality correlates

Akdag

Nestor

O’Donnell

et al. 2003

Schizophrenia Research

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Schizophrenia has long been associated with abnormal patterns of arousal that are thought to reflect disturbances in the reticular-activating system of the brain. Psychophysiological investigations of sensory responsivity have repeatedly demonstrated reduced reactivity and habituation to moderately intense stimuli in patients with schizophrenia. While not traditionally used as a measure of physiological arousal, the startle reflex represents an alternative method for studying reactivity and habituation in schizophrenia. This study examined eye blink responsivity to a repeatedly presented intense acoustic startle probe in men with chronic schizophrenia and healthy normal controls. Subjects' personality profiles were also measured, as increased reactivity and arousal have been traditionally implicated as a physiological component to the personality trait of neuroticism. Results indicated that schizophrenic subjects did demonstrate significantly reduced rates of habituation to the acoustic startle probe and higher scores on measures of neuroticism in comparison to normal controls. However, no correlation between habituation rate and neuroticism emerged. These studies replicate previous findings of habituation in schizophrenia and provide further evidence for sensory reactivity disturbances in schizophrenia. The relationship of these findings to cognitive disturbances in schizophrenia is considered and directions for future research are discussed.

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“…There is evidence that increased anxiety and arousal accompany the development of catatonia in people with autism [50]. These observations beg for more scrutiny, using modern techniques, along the lines of earlier studies [61,62].…”

Section: Implications Of a Vagal Theory For Catatonia In Autismmentioning

confidence: 95%

“…Autonomic dysfunction is the hallmark of malignant catatonia [52,56], its drug-induced variant Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome [57], and aseptic encephalitis with catatonic symptoms, including the recently coined anti-NMDAR encephalitis [58][59][60]. Early studies support that there is autonomic dysfunction in catatonia [61,62] but recent studies are lacking.…”

Section: Autonomic Dysfunction In Catatoniamentioning

confidence: 99%

Autonomic Dysfunction in Catatonia in Autism: Implications of a Vagal Theory

Dhossche¹

2012

Autism Open Access

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Level of Arousal and the Subclassification of Schizophrenia

Cited by 238 publications

References 11 publications

Reward circuitry dysfunction in psychiatric and neurodevelopmental disorders and genetic syndromes: animal models and clinical findings

Reward circuitry dysfunction in psychiatric and neurodevelopmental disorders and genetic syndromes: animal models and clinical findings

The startle reflex in schizophrenia: habituation and personality correlates

Autonomic Dysfunction in Catatonia in Autism: Implications of a Vagal Theory

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