DoubleL3Mionization of Pd induced by impact with medium-energy electrons

Abstract

The electron-induced L 3 M two-step double ionization cross sections of metallic Pd were determined experimentally for incident electron beam energies ranging from the double ionization threshold up to 18 keV. The double L 3 M ionization cross sections were derived from the intensity ratios (I LαM :I Lα ) of the resolved M satellites to the parent diagram lines. The sample was bombarded with monoenergetic electrons from an energy-tunable 20-kV electron gun. The diagram and M-satellite x-ray lines were measured by means of high-resolution x-ray spectroscopy, using a reflection-type von Hamos bent crystal spectrometer. The two-step partial cross sections were determined by subtracting from the measured total double ionization cross sections the contributions due to the shake process and L 1 -L 3 M 4,5 Coster-Kronig transitions. Despite the thick target employed in the present study, the dependence of the two-step cross sections on the incoming electron energy could be derived using a target slice decomposition method. It is shown that the obtained energy dependence can be well reproduced by the semiempirical parametrization model of Pattard and Rost.

Introducing Magnetism into 2D Nonmagnetic Inorganic Layered Crystals: A Brief Review from First-Principles Aspects

“…Ion substitution via bombardment into the chemically stable ILC slabs can barely circumvent radiation damages [44] before the incident ion substitutes the central atom. Precise control of charged particle bombardments suffers from severe heatloads [45] or uncertain depth distribution during implantations [46]. Additionally, incoming particles with low kinetic energies tend to nucleate on the ILC slabs before moving inside the layers.…”