Does the environmental inequality matter? A literature review

Shao, Shuai; Liu, Liwen; Tian, Zhihua

doi:10.1007/s10653-021-00921-2

Cited by 21 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 102 publications

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“…Accordingly, some researchers have considered emission levels (for example, the weight of releases) and chemical toxicity rather than simply proximity to a site when defining exposure. 4 Others have gone further by incorporating air quality models that characterize air pollutant dispersion across space, the better to capture the actual health hazards that populations face. 5 Overall, while recent work has developed more nuanced and defensible measures of exposure, the overall finding that low-income households and people of color have greater exposure to environmental hazards is broadly supported by the application of these alternative measures.…”

Section: Modeling Exposure To Environmental Hazardsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Work along these lines includes Anderton, Anderson, Oakes, and Fraser(1994),Baden and Coursey (2002), Been (1997), Boer, Pastor, Sadd, and Snyder (1997),Cameron, Crawford, and McConnaha (2012), Currie (2011), Depro, Timmins, and O'Neil (2015), Gamper-Rabindran and Timmins (2011), Goldman and Fitton(1994), Persico, Figlio, and Roth(2016), Commission for Racial Justice, UCC (1987), and Bullard, Mohai, Saha, and Wright (2007) 3. Examples include Ringquist (1997), Sadd, Pastor, Boer, and Snyder (1999), and Wolverton (2009) 4. Examples includeArora and Cason (1999), Walsh (2008, 2013), Bowen, Salling, Haynes, and Cyran (1995), Brooks and Sethi (1997),Kriesel, Centner, and Keeler (1996), and Ringquist (1997) 5.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Environmental Justice: The Economics of Race, Place, and Pollution

Banzhaf

Timmins

2019

Journal of Economic Perspectives

407

226

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The grassroots movement that placed environmental justice issues on the national stage around 1980 was soon followed up by research documenting the correlation between pollution and race and poverty. This work has established inequitable exposure to nuisances as a stylized fact of social science. In this paper, we review the environmental justice literature, especially where it intersects with work by economists. First we consider the literature documenting evidence of disproportionate exposure. We particularly consider the implications of modeling choices about spatial relationships between polluters and residents, and about conditioning variables. Next, we evaluate the theory and evidence for four possible mechanisms that may lie behind the patterns seen: disproportionate siting on the firm side, “coming to the nuisance” on the household side, market-like coordination of the two, and discriminatory politics and/or enforcement. We argue that further research is needed to understand how much weight to give each mechanism. Finally, we discuss some policy options.

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Section: Modeling Exposure To Environmental Hazardsmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Environmental Justice: The Economics of Race, Place, and Pollution

Banzhaf

Timmins

2019

Journal of Economic Perspectives

407

226

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“…Previous studies have demonstrated that the health burden due to environmental pollution significantly aggravates poorness and air pollution represented by PM 2.5 is usually of “pro-poorness”. − In China, there are large amounts of air pollution deaths every year with an unbalanced distribution where the health burden is commonly heavier in economically unadvanced regions, namely the “poverty-environmental trap” . This occurs because, despite heavier air pollution in developed regions, residents have more access to medical resources to reduce the exposure risk of environmental pollution. , With the enforcement of air cleaning measures, the national PM 2.5 concentration has decreased in the past years, leading to significant health benefits for residents both in urban and rural areas and a reduced gap between rich and poor in environmental health . In fact, the Chinese government has promulgated a series of policies to improve environmental justice.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mitigating China’s Ozone Pollution with More Balanced Health Benefits

Liu

Lei

Xue

et al. 2022

Environ. Sci. Technol.

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China is confronting the challenge of opposite health benefits (OHBs) during ambient ozone (O3) mitigation because the same reduction scheme might yield opposite impacts on O3 levels and associated public health across different regions. Here, we used a combination of chemical transport modeling, health benefit assessments, and machine learning to capture such OHBs and optimize O3 mitigation pathways based on 121 control scenarios. We revealed that, for the China mainland, Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei and its surroundings (“2 + 26” cities), Yangtze River Delta, and Pearl River Delta, there could be at most 2897, 920, 1247, and 896 additional O3-related deaths in urban areas, respectively, accompanying 21,512, 3442, 5614, and 642 avoided O3-related deaths in rural areas, respectively, at the same control stage. Additionally, potential disbenefits during O3 mitigation were “pro-wealthy”, that is, residents in developed regions are more likely to afford additional health risks. In order to avoid OHBs during O3 abatement, we proposed a two-phase control strategy, whereby the reduction ratio of NO X (nitrogen oxide) to VOCs (volatile organic compounds) was adjusted according to health benefit distribution patterns. Our study provided novel insights into China’s O3 attainment and references for other countries facing the dual challenges of environmental pollution and associated inequality issues.

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“…Rapid, haphazard urbanization and motorization happening in the Global South cities together with a lack of environmental management is increasing the gap among the social groups with regard to environmental exposures and thus contributing to global health inequalities. However, scholarly discourse in social inequalities in environmental exposure has generally focused on cities in the Global North, and there is relatively less research assessing social inequalities in environmental exposure within cities in the Global South context [5,6].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Measuring Environmental Justice in Real Time: A Pilot Study Using Digital Participatory Method in the Global South, Nepal

Shrestha

Telkmann

Schüz

et al. 2022

IJERPH

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Individuals’ perceived fairness or justice beliefs are related to health in numerous ways. However, environment justice research to date has given little attention to perceived fairness of environmental exposures as experienced by individuals. This study explored the feasibility of a bottom-up digital participatory (via mobile phones) approach using ecological momentary assessment (EMA) to capture individuals’ subjective experience of environmental exposures and the subjective evaluation of fairness by those affected in the context of Nepal. In total, 22 individuals participated in the study for 28 days. The results show high rates of study retention and adherence. Individuals’ justice perception was found to vary within and between individuals, but also substantially depending on the types of environmental exposures. Nevertheless, the study indicates that uncertainties are inevitable as study design and timing may conflict participants’ daily lives and priorities. The method allows us to consider multiple geographic contexts of individuals’ everyday lives beyond residential environment. This pilot study proved the possibility to assess perceptions of environmental justice issues and demonstrated the necessary steps to using digital participatory method for assessing subjective perception of fairness of individuals.

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Does the environmental inequality matter? A literature review

Cited by 21 publications

References 102 publications

Environmental Justice: The Economics of Race, Place, and Pollution

Environmental Justice: The Economics of Race, Place, and Pollution

Mitigating China’s Ozone Pollution with More Balanced Health Benefits

Measuring Environmental Justice in Real Time: A Pilot Study Using Digital Participatory Method in the Global South, Nepal

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