Environmental Justice: The Economics of Race, Place, and Pollution

Banzhaf, Spencer; Ma, Lala; Timmins, Christopher

doi:10.1257/jep.33.1.185

Cited by 361 publications

(237 citation statements)

References 69 publications

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“…Traditionally, residential-based measurement is used for long-term (or life-time) exposure assessment [3]. It is typically assumed that people who live in the same neighborhood or geographic area, such as a census tract or zip code area, are exposed to a similar level of environmental influence [4,5]. The underlying presumption is that 2 of 19 people spend most of their time in their residential community, and thus, people who live in the same neighborhood may have the same level of exposure [6].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Who Could Not Avoid Exposure to High Levels of Residence-Based Pollution by Daily Mobility? Evidence of Air Pollution Exposure from the Perspective of the Neighborhood Effect Averaging Problem (NEAP)

Kwan

et al. 2020

IJERPH

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It has been widely acknowledged that air pollution has a considerable adverse impact on people’s health. Disadvantaged groups such as low-income people are often found to experience greater negative effects of environmental pollution. Thus, improving the accuracy of air pollution exposure assessment might be essential to policy-making. Recently, the neighborhood effect averaging problem (NEAP) has been identified as a specific form of possible bias when assessing individual exposure to air pollution and its health impacts. In this paper, we assessed the real-time air pollution exposure and residential-based exposure of 106 participants in a high-pollution community in Beijing, China. The study found that: (1) there are significant differences between the two assessments; (2) most participants experienced the NEAP and could lower their exposure by their daily mobility; (3) three vulnerable groups with low daily mobility and could not avoid the high pollution in their residential neighborhoods were identified as exceptions to this: low-income people who have low levels of daily mobility and limited travel outside their residential neighborhoods, blue-collar workers who spend long hours at low-end workplaces, and elderly people who face many household constraints. Public policies thus need to focus on the hidden environmental injustice revealed by the NEAP in order to improve the well-being of these environmentally vulnerable groups.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Who Could Not Avoid Exposure to High Levels of Residence-Based Pollution by Daily Mobility? Evidence of Air Pollution Exposure from the Perspective of the Neighborhood Effect Averaging Problem (NEAP)

Kwan

et al. 2020

IJERPH

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“…Questions around facility siting are certainly important, and past studies have shown that race, ethnicity, and income are often correlated with the location of pollution sources [22,23]. The causal mechanism(s) behind these associations are still in dispute, but uncertainty about the social, economic, and political processes that lead to correlations between pollution and demographic attributes does not mean that their existence is unimportant [40]. Disparities, regardless of their cause are essential to document from an environmental justice perspective, and particularly so given that the category of pollution at issue are under-regulated.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Racial, ethnic, and income disparities in air pollution: A study of excess emissions in Texas

Konisky

Zirogiannis

2019

PLoS ONE

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Objective Excess emissions are pollutant releases that occur during periods of startups, shutdowns or malfunctions and are considered violations of the U.S. Clean Air Act. They are an important, but understudied and under-regulated, category of pollution releases given their frequency and magnitude. In this paper, we examine the demographic correlates of excess emissions, using data from industrial sources in Texas. Methods We conduct two complementary sets of analyses: one at the census tract level and one at the facility level. At the census tract level, we use a multinomial logit model to examine the relationships between racial, ethnic, and income characteristics and the incidence of excess emissions. At the facility level, we first estimate a logit model to examine whether these characteristics are associated with facilities that emit excess emissions, and then, conditional on the presence of excess emissions, we use ordinary least square regression to estimate their correlation with the magnitude of releases. Results Across our analyses, we find that the percentage of Black population and median household income are positively associated with excess emissions; percentage of college graduate, population density, median housing value, and percentage of owner-occupied housing unit are negatively associated with excess emissions. We, however, have not found a clear and significant relationship between the percentage of Hispanic population and excess emissions.

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“…Suppose an area receives an exogenous increase of amenities, leading to increased housing costs. As the literature has already recognized, if the marginal bidder moving in during gentrification increases housing prices by more than poorer incumbents' willingness to pay for the increased amenity, incumbent renters could be made worse off (see, e.g., Banzhaf et al (2019)). Capitalization into tickets is likely to augment this effect.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Capitalization as a Two-Part Tariff: The Role of Zoning

Banzhaf¹,

Mangum²

2019

Working Paper (Federal Reserve Bank of Philadelphia)

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This paper shows that the capitalization of local amenities is effectively priced into land via a two-part pricing formula: a "ticket" price paid regardless of the amount of housing service consumed and a "slope" price paid per unit of services. We first show theoretically how tickets arise as an extensive margin price when there are binding constraints on the number of households admitted to a neighborhood. We use a large national dataset of housing transactions, property characteristics, and neighborhood attributes to measure the extent to which local amenities are capitalized in ticket prices vis-á-vis slopes. We find that in most U.S. cities, the majority of neighborhood variation in pricing occurs via tickets, although the importance of tickets rises sharply in the stringency of land development regulations, as predicted by theory. We discuss implications of two-part pricing for efficiency and equity in neighborhood sorting equilibria and for empirical estimates of willingness to pay for non marketed amenities, which generally assume proportional pricing only.

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Environmental Justice: The Economics of Race, Place, and Pollution

Cited by 361 publications

References 69 publications

Who Could Not Avoid Exposure to High Levels of Residence-Based Pollution by Daily Mobility? Evidence of Air Pollution Exposure from the Perspective of the Neighborhood Effect Averaging Problem (NEAP)

Who Could Not Avoid Exposure to High Levels of Residence-Based Pollution by Daily Mobility? Evidence of Air Pollution Exposure from the Perspective of the Neighborhood Effect Averaging Problem (NEAP)

Racial, ethnic, and income disparities in air pollution: A study of excess emissions in Texas

Capitalization as a Two-Part Tariff: The Role of Zoning

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