Does escitalopram reduce neurotoxicity in major depression?

Halaris, Angelos; Myint, Aye-Mu; Savant, Vidushi; Meresh, Edwin; Lim, Chai K.; Guillemin, Gilles J.; Hoppensteadt, Debra; Fareed, Jawed; Sinacore, James

doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2015.04.026

Cited by 72 publications

(55 citation statements)

References 40 publications

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“…Numerous studies report significant influence of antidepressants on pro-inflammatory/antiinflammatory cytokines balance, but the available data is often inconsistent regarding specific cytokines and drugs used [Halaris et al, 2015;Hernandez et al, 2013]. Meta-analyses having been conducted so far reflect this heterogeneity of results.…”

Section: Accepted Manuscriptmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Finally, the pro-inflammatory hypothesis which proposes pro-inflammatory cytokines as factors inducing depressive symptoms has also developed a solid scientific background [Halaris et al, 2015]. It is known that experimental administration of interleukins 1β and 6 (IL-1β, IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) exerts a depressive effect including fatigue, anxiety and somnolence in humans [Gupta et al, 2016;Hashimoto, 2015;Köhler et al, 2014].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Effect of antidepressant treatment on peripheral inflammation markers – A meta-analysis

Więdłocha

Marcinowicz

Krupa

et al. 2018

Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry

176

106

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Section: Accepted Manuscriptmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of antidepressant treatment on peripheral inflammation markers – A meta-analysis

Więdłocha

Marcinowicz

Krupa

et al. 2018

Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry

176

106

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

“…In mood disorders, several studies have suggested that the chronic mild inflammation indicated by elevated C-reactive protein (Courtet et al, 2015;Rapaport et al, 2015;Uher et al, 2014) as well as the quantification of the levels of inflammatory cytokines such as IL-6, IL-10 and TNF (de Witte et al, 2014;Ducasse et al, 2015b;Haapakoski et al, 2015;Halaris et al, 2015;Rethorst et al, 2013) could prove to be useful biomarkers for improved diagnosis and the detection of treatment refractoriness (Strawbridge et al, 2015), as well as indicators of the risk of suicide. As an increasing number of inflammatory factors are tested, an emerging picture supports the idea that a complex network of cytokines is involved in the pathophysiology of disease such as major depression (Dahl et al, 2014).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In addition, most of the studies in this field have not considered the possibility that inflammatory factors measured in peripheral blood might exhibit a high degree of variability independent of any neuropsychiatric disorder. Some investigators have recognized the risk of making single measurements in healthy controls when assessing the variation due to antidepressant treatment in patients, but they emphasized that the previously obtained measurements were fairly stable, although this has not been documented in the literature (Halaris et al, 2015). Therefore, as a prerequisite for establishing biomarkers, investigators should define which factors actually exhibit stable levels in the circulating biofluids over days, weeks, and seasons in healthy adult subjects.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Although the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) technique has been widely used to measure serum cytokine levels in clinical studies, the recent development of multiplex immunoassays now offers the possibility of simultaneously measuring the levels of expression of large panels of proteins using a small volume of sample and at an affordable price (Altara et al, 2015;Butler et al, 2015;Guest et al, 2011;Halaris et al, 2015;Ho et al, 2015;Janelidze et al, 2013;Nielsen et al, 2015;Schwarz et al, 2012). Nevertheless, it is important for the new and constantly upgraded multiplex technologies to prove that their performance is at least equal to the 'gold standard' ELISA for each analyte tested in the combinations (Bastarache et al, 2014).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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How to: Measuring blood cytokines in biological psychiatry using commercially available multiplex immunoassays

Belzeaux

Lefebvre

Lazzari

et al. 2017

Psychoneuroendocrinology

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Cytokines produced by both immune and non-immune cells are likely to play roles in the development and/or progression of psychiatric disorders. Indeed, many investigators have compared the blood cytokine levels in psychiatric patients with those of healthy controls or monitored their levels in patients during disease progression to identify biomarkers. Nevertheless, very few studies have confirmed that such cytokines remain stable in healthy individuals through periods of weeks and months. This is an important issue to consider before using blood cytokine levels as biomarkers of disease traits, disease state, or treatment response. Although multiplex assay technology represents an advance in identifying biomarkers because it allows simultaneous examination of large panels of analytes from a small volume of sample, it is necessary to verify whether these assays yield enough sensitivity and reproducibility when applied to the blood from neuropsychiatric patients. Therefore, we compared two multiplex immunoassays, the bead-based Luminex® (Bio-Rad) and the electro-chemiluminescence-based V-plex® (MesoScaleDiscovery), for the detection and quantification of 31 cytokines, chemokines and growth factors in both the sera and plasma of patients with major depressive episodes (MDE) and age-and sex-matched healthy control subjects during a 30-week period. Although both platforms exhibited low coefficients of variability (CV) between the duplicates in the calibration curves, the linearity was better in general for the V-PLEX® platform. However, neither platform was able to detect the absolute values for all of the tested analytes. Among the 16 analytes that were detected by both assays, the intra-assay reproducibility was in general better with the V-PLEX® platform. Although it is not a general rule that the results from sera and plasma will be correlated, consistent results were more frequent with the V-PLEX® platform. Furthermore, the V-PLEX® results were more consistent with the gold standard ELISA simplex assay for IL-6 in both sera and plasma. The intra-individual variability of the measurements, among the sera and plasma for the 4 samples harvested from each healthy individual, was low for Eotaxin, G-CSF, IL-4, IL-7, IL-9, IL-12p40, IL-12p70, IL-15, MIP-1β, PDGF-BB, TNF, TNF-β and VEGF, but intermediate or high for IFN-γ, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, and IP10. Together, these data suggest that extreme caution is needed in translating the results of multiplex cytokine profiling into biomarker discovery in psychiatry. Dear Editor,We thank you and the Editor in chief, Robert Dantzer, for reaching the conclusion to ultimately publish our manuscript. Following your suggestion, we changed the tiltle to: "How to: Measuring blood cytokines in biological psychiatry using commercially available multiplex immunoassays".We were concerned by the persistent negative comments of Reviewer#3, stressing out that our comparison between the two platforms we have worked with suffers a number of theoretical and technical limitations because...

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Inflammation-Associated Co-morbidity Between Depression and Cardiovascular Disease

Halaris

2016

Current Topics in Behavioral Neurosciences

195

141

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Morbidity and mortality of cardiovascular disease (CVD) is exceedingly high worldwide. Depressive illness is a serious psychiatric illness that afflicts a significant portion of the world population. Epidemiological studies have confirmed the high co-morbidity between these two disease entities. The co-morbidity is bidirectional and the mechanisms responsible for it are complex and multifaceted. In addition to genetic, biological systems, psychosocial, and behavioral factors that are involved include the central and autonomic nervous systems, the neuroendocrine, immune, and the vascular and hematologic systems. Specific pathophysiologic factors across these systems include homeostatic imbalance between the sympathetic and the parasympathetic systems with loss of heart rate variability (HRV) in depression, sympathoadrenal activation, hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis activation, immune system dysregulation resulting in a pro-inflammatory status, platelet activation, and endothelial dysfunction. These abnormalities have been demonstrated in most individuals diagnosed with major depressive disorder (MDD), bipolar disorder (BPD), and probably in other psychiatric disorders. A likely common instigator underlying the co-morbidity between cardiovascular pathology and depression is mental stress. Chronic stress shifts the homeostatic balance in the autonomic nervous system with sustained sympathetic overdrive and diminished vagal tone. Diminished vagal tone contributes to a pro-inflammatory status with associated sequelae. Stress hormones and certain pro-inflammatory substances released by macrophages and microglia upregulate the rate-limiting enzymes in the metabolic pathway of tryptophan (TRP). This enzymatic upregulation stimulates the kynurenine (KYN) pathway resulting in the formation of neurotoxic metabolites. Inflammation occurs in cardiac, cardiovascular, and cerebrovascular pathology independent of the presence or absence of depression. Inflammation is closely associated with endothelial dysfunction, a preamble to atherosclerosis and atherothrombosis. Endothelial dysfunction has been detected in depression and may prove to be a trait marker for this illness. Thus understanding vascular biology in conjunction with psychiatric co-morbidity will be of critical importance. Antidepressant drug therapy is of definite benefit to patients with medical and psychiatric co-morbidity and may reverse the pro-inflammatory status associated with depression. There is, however, an urgent need to develop novel pharmacotherapeutic approaches to benefit a much larger proportion of patients suffering from these disease entities.

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Does escitalopram reduce neurotoxicity in major depression?

Cited by 72 publications

References 40 publications

Effect of antidepressant treatment on peripheral inflammation markers – A meta-analysis

Effect of antidepressant treatment on peripheral inflammation markers – A meta-analysis

How to: Measuring blood cytokines in biological psychiatry using commercially available multiplex immunoassays

Inflammation-Associated Co-morbidity Between Depression and Cardiovascular Disease

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