Do Tick Attachment Times Vary between Different Tick-Pathogen Systems?

Richards, Stephanie L.; Langley, Ricky L.; Apperson, Charles S.; Watson, Elizabeth M.

doi:10.3390/environments4020037

Cited by 28 publications

(24 citation statements)

References 87 publications

(97 reference statements)

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“…This suggests the transmission of C. burnetti by this tick species during the first days after attachment. The speed of infection is known for other agents but never before described for C. burnetii [21]. However, we did not detect the pathogen in faeces samples.…”

Section: Resultscontrasting

confidence: 64%

Transstadial Transmission from Nymph to Adult of Coxiella burnetii by Naturally Infected Hyalomma lusitanicum

González¹,

González²,

Valcárcel³

et al. 2020

Preprint

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Coxiella burnetii (Derrick) Philip, the causative agent of Q fever, is mainly transmitted by aerosols, but ticks can also be a source of infection. Transstadial and transovarical transmission of C. burnetii by Hyalomma lusitanicum (Koch) has been suggested. There is a close relationship between this tick species, wild animals and C. burnetii but the transmission in a natural environment has not been demonstrated. In this study, we collected 80 engorged nymphs of H. lusitanicum from red deer and wild rabbits. They molt to adults under laboratory conditions and we feed them artificially through silicone membranes after a preconditioning period. C. burnetii DNA was tested in ticks, blood and feces samples using real-time PCR. The pathogen was found in 36.25% of fed adults demonstrating that transstadial transmission from nymph to adult occurs in nature. The presence of DNA in the 60% of blood samples confirms that adults transmit the bacteria during feeding. Further studied are needed about co-feeding and other possible transmission routes to define the role of this tick species in the cycle of C. burnetii.

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Section: Resultscontrasting

confidence: 64%

Transstadial Transmission from Nymph to Adult of Coxiella burnetii by Naturally Infected Hyalomma lusitanicum

González¹,

González²,

Valcárcel³

et al. 2020

Preprint

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“…The several-day long feeding of D. reticulatus males creates an opportunity to transmit many pathogens interacting with the tick (vector) into the host. The duration of attachment and feeding on the host by hard ticks required for pathogen transmission is shorter than 15 min in the case of Powassan virus [31], from 4 -96 h for various bacteria, and 7-18 days for Babesia species [32]. Alekseev and Chunikhin [33] have confirmed the presence of TBE viruses in the saliva of Dermacentor and Ixodes males and females at the beginning of feeding.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Host feeding behaviour of Dermacentor reticulatus males in relation to the transmission of pathogens

Bartosik

Buczek

et al. 2019

Ann Agric Environ Med.

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Introduction. The three-host Dermacentor reticulatus tick transmits many pathogens, which are introduced into the host with saliva during feeding. Material and methods. The aim of present study was to analyse the behaviour of males of this species on the host in homogeneous sex groups comprising 15 (group I) and 30 (group II) male specimens and in a mixed group composed of 15 males and 15 females (group III). Results. Although the dynamics of attachment of the males to host skin slightly differed between these three groups, there was no statistically significant difference in the duration of the attachment process. The duration of host attachment of the males in groups I, II, and III at 18 ± 2 °C and 50 ± 2% RH was 2.43 ± 2.46, 7.75 ± 11.85, and 9.07 ± 10.97 days, respectively. After 7-9-day feeding, the male engorgement weight (MEW) was similar, regardless of the size of the group and the presence or absence of females on the host. Tick males ingest a small amount of host blood. The value of MEW in the three groups did not differ statistically from the weight of unengorged specimens. Conclusions. The host feeding behaviour of D. reticulatus males and their effective feeding suggest that they may play a role in transmission of pathogens and non-pathogenic microorganisms with tick saliva during blood meal ingestion. Clinical and laboratory diagnostics of human and animal tick-borne diseases as well as epidemiological studies should consider the possibility of pathogen transmission by males of metastriata ticks, which feed on the host for several days.

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“…An initial attachment and feeding period of at least 24 to 48 h is required before transmission of many tick-borne pathogens can occur [ 27 , 28 ], and if ticks are killed within that time, transmission may be prevented [ 29 ]. Pathogen transmission times reported from studies that have specifically evaluated R. rickettsii transmission from tick vectors to mammalian hosts vary considerably [ 30 ]. The variation in transmission times reported in these studies is most likely due to the variability in specific study conditions, such as the number of infected ticks applied, rate of infection in applied ticks, and the previous feeding status of ticks.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Efficacy of sarolaner (Simparic™) against induced infestations of Amblyomma cajennense on dogs

Scott

Franz²,

Campos

et al. 2017

Parasites Vectors

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Background Amblyomma cajennense is the main vector of Rickettsia rickettsii which causes Brazilian spotted fever. This adult tick preferably infests horses and capybaras, but has low host specificity during its immature stages, thus posing a threat to humans and dogs. In this study, the efficacy of sarolaner (Simparic™/Simparica®, Zoetis) when administered once orally to dogs at 2 mg/kg was evaluated against induced infestations of A. cajennense nymphs for up to 35 days after treatment.MethodsBased on pretreatment tick counts, 20 dogs were randomly allocated to treatment with sarolaner (Simparic™) dosed at 2 mg/kg of body weight or a placebo on Day 0 of the study. Artificial infestations were performed using laboratory raised A. cajennense nymphs on study days -2, 5, 12, 19, 26 and 33. Efficacy was determined at 48 h post-treatment or post-infestation at each time point relative to the counts for dogs that received placebo.ResultsThere were no adverse reactions to treatment. A single dose of sarolaner (Simparic™) provided 100% efficacy on study days 2, 7 and 14; and ≥ 99.6% on days 21, 28 and 35. Geometric mean live tick counts for sarolaner were significantly lower than those for placebo on all days (P < 0.0001).ConclusionsUnder the conditions of the present study, sarolaner (Simparic™) administered once orally at 2 mg/kg provided 100% efficacy against existing infestations and ≥ 99.6% efficacy within 48 h against weekly challenges of A. cajennense for at least 35 days after treatment.

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Do Tick Attachment Times Vary between Different Tick-Pathogen Systems?

Cited by 28 publications

References 87 publications

Transstadial Transmission from Nymph to Adult of Coxiella burnetii by Naturally Infected Hyalomma lusitanicum

Transstadial Transmission from Nymph to Adult of Coxiella burnetii by Naturally Infected Hyalomma lusitanicum

Host feeding behaviour of Dermacentor reticulatus males in relation to the transmission of pathogens

Efficacy of sarolaner (Simparic™) against induced infestations of Amblyomma cajennense on dogs

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