Disturbances and silences in the patient's speech in psychotherapy.

On being sad and mistaken: Mood effects on the accuracy of thin-slice judgments.

“…The observed relationship between depression and relative insensitivity to the emotional component of vocal cues may be causally related to the association between depression and poor relationship quality (for a review, see Segrin & Abramson, 1994). The voice conveys a range of emotions, from nervousness and anxiety (Harrigan, Harrigan, Sale, & Rosenthal, 1996;Harrigan, Larson, & Pflum, 1994;Kasl & Mahl, 1965;Mahl, 1956) to depression (Pope, Blass, Siegman, & Raher, 1970) and anger (Scherer, 1981). In attempting to understand others, depressed individuals may be at a particular disadvantage because they have difficulty inferring the affective component of what is being said.…”

SUPPRESSION OF NORMAL SPEECH DISFLUENCIES THROUGH RESPONSE COST1

“…A number of investigators have attempted to identify the variables that influence the distribution of disfluencies in normal speakers, and these responses have variously been regarded as an index to the speaker's emotional state (Mahl, 1956), "speaker uncertainty" (Goldman-Eisler, 1961), or as indications of the functional units employed by the speaker as he "programs" speech (Boomer, 1965).…”

“…Disfluencies were suppressed and kept at very low levels for four of the subjects during the punishment procedures, and there was general resistance to extinction. Even though points were subtracted only during speech, there was a tendency for disfluencies to decrease, though not as markedly, during reading probes as well.A number of investigators have attempted to identify the variables that influence the distribution of disfluencies in normal speakers, and these responses have variously been regarded as an index to the speaker's emotional state (Mahl, 1956), "speaker uncertainty" (Goldman-Eisler, 1961), or as indications of the functional units employed by the speaker as he "programs" speech (Boomer, 1965).Speech disfluencies are of special interest to students of stuttering, because of the topographical similarity disfluent behaviors share with moments of stuttering, and because of the possibility that the speech disruptions of normal and abnormal speakers may somehow be functionally related. In recent years, several authors have presented the view that normal disfluencies and stuttering fall along a single continuum (Bloodstein, Alper, and Zisk, 1965;Shames and Sherrick, 1963;Goldiamond, 1965).…”

Filled pauses in Hungarian: Their phonetic form and function

“…They have been investigated since the 1950s (Mahl 1956;Goldman-Eisler 1958;MaclayOsgood 1959). A silent pause may be considered as disfluency when it does not serve for breathing or for marking a boundary and it does not occur in a rhetoric function, either.…”

“…Mahl (1956) divided the types of hesitations, according to their functions, into two groups. Investigations showed that um occurs at the beginning of the utterance in general-speakers produce this form during the planning of larger units.…”