Participants compared the mental capacities of various human and nonhuman characters via online surveys. Factor analysis revealed two dimensions of mind perception, Experience (for example, capacity for hunger) and Agency (for example, capacity for self-control). The dimensions predicted different moral judgments but were both related to valuing of mind.

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Individuals with Parkinson's disease (PD) have shown deficits in the ability to recognize emotion. However, these results have been inconsistent. In addition, questions remain about whether any deficit in PD is secondary to depression and broader cognitive impairments, and the effects of stimulus modality, task type, and specific emotion remain unclear. A meta-analysis of 34 comparisons, using data from 1,295 individual participants, was conducted to (a) provide a reliable estimate of the magnitude of the purported deficit in emotion recognition and (b) examine the influence of several potential moderators of emotion recognition abilities in PD. Results show a robust link between PD and specific deficits in recognizing emotion, from both the face and the voice (overall effect size g ϭ 0.52). The deficit extends across stimulus modalities and task types and is particularly acute with respect to negative emotions. Although this deficit does not appear to be secondary to comorbid depression or visuospatial impairments, the potential role of working memory constraints warrants further investigation. We highlight the potential implications of these findings for communication abilities in PD.

The activation of positive stereotypes has been shown to produce academic performance boosts. Evidence regarding the role of self-relevance in producing such effects has been mixed. The authors propose that the subtlety of stereotype activation plays a key role in creating performance boosts among targets and nontargets of stereotypes. Study 1 found that subtle stereotype activation boosted performance in targets, but blatant activation did not. Study 2 was conducted on both targets and nontargets using different methods of stereotype activation. Again, targets showed performance boosts when stereotypes were subtly activated but not when they were blatantly activated. Nontargets, however, showed boosts in performance only when stereotypes were blatantly activated. The role of self-relevance in mediating sensitivity to stimuli is discussed.

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The "involvement effect" refers to the finding that controlling for gambling involvement often reduces or eliminates frequently observed game-specific associations with problem gambling. In other words, broader patterns of gambling behavior, particularly the number of types of games played over a defined period, contribute more to problem gambling than playing specific games (e.g., lottery, casino, Internet gambling). This study extends this burgeoning area of inquiry in three primary ways. First, it tests independently and simultaneously the predictive power of two gambling patterns: breadth involvement (i.e., the number of games an individual plays) and depth involvement (i.e., the number of days an individual plays). Second, it includes the first involvement analyses of actual betting activity records that are associated with clinical screening information. Third, it evaluates and compares the linearity of breadth and depth effects. We conducted analyses of the actual gambling activity of 1,440 subscribers to the bwin.party gambling service who completed an online gambling disorder screen. In all, 11 of the 16 games we examined had a significant univariate association with a positive screen for gambling disorder. However, after controlling for breadth involvement, only Live Action Internet sports betting retained a significant relationship with potential gambling-related problems. Depth involvement, though significantly related to potential problems, did not impact game-based gambling disorder associations as much as breadth involvement. Finally, breadth effects appeared steeply linear, with a slight quadratic component manifesting beyond four games played, but depth effects appeared to have a strong linear component and a slight cubic component.

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We compared how evaluations by out-group members and evaluations by in-group members affected participants' stress responses-their neuroendocrine reactivity, cognitive appraisals, and observed anxiety-and how participants' implicit racial bias moderated these responses. Specifically, White participants completed measures of racial bias prior to the experiment. During the experiment, participants performed speech and serial subtraction tasks in front of White or Black interviewers. Several saliva samples were obtained, and they were assayed for catabolic ("breaking down") and anabolic ("building up") hormones. Interviewers' race and participants' racial bias interacted in predicting stress responses. When interviewers were Black, lower racial bias was linked with more salutary stress responses: lower threat appraisals, less anxiety, and increased levels of anabolic hormones. When interviewers were White, no effect was found for threat appraisals or anabolic hormones, and the reverse effect was observed for anxiety. Egalitarianism may have physical and psychological benefits for people living in a diverse society.Social interactions with people of different races can produce threat, anxiety, and even fear (Mendes, Blascovich, Lickel, & Hunter, 2002;Olsson, Ebert, Banaji, & Phelps, 2005;Richeson & Shelton, 2003;Stephan & Stephan, 2000). For example, a growing body of research has shown that White participants' responses to Black people might be more negatively toned than their responses to White people; their negative responses to Black people can include malignant cardiovascular reactivity (Mendes et al., 2002), increases in amygdalar activation (Hart, Whalen, Shin, McInerney, & Fischer, 2000), and sustained conditioned-fear responses (Olsson et al., 2005). Furthermore, individuals with greater racial bias exhibit more negative reactions than do those with more egalitarian racial attitudes (Phelps et al., 2000;Vanman, Paul, Ito, & Miller, 1997). From this observed link between racial bias and malignant responses, researchers often conclude that racial bias may have negative consequences for the self and for social interactions with members of a different race.The investigation we discuss in this article focused on the extent to which intergroup context and racial bias are linked to one of the primary stress systems, the hypothalamic-pituitaryadrenocortical (HPA) axis. We examined interracial and intra-racial interactions within a Not all stress responses are created equal. Some stress profiles are believed to be detrimental to physical health and performance, whereas others are believed to benefit health and performance (Dienstbier, 1989;Epel, McEwen, & Ickovics, 1998;McEwen, 1998;Mendes, Reis, Seery, & Blascovich, 2003). We focused on the distinction between malignant stress responses and benign or salutary stress responses by examining the end products of HPAaxis activation, specifically, changes in catabolic and anabolic hormones. These hormones, individually and combined, can provide indications of how...