“…By contrast, the amounts of GABA A receptors were equally distributed in the prefrontal areas of all the investigated species here and also in the NCL of pigeons and chicks (Stewart et al 1988). The same is true for the CDL and the human as well as the macaque cingulate cortex (Bozkurt et al 2005;Palomero-Gallagher et al 2009). Thus, there seems to be a shift towards higher densities of glutamate receptors in avian nidopallial structures.…”
Section: Comparison To Mammals and Functional Considerationsmentioning
The avian nidopallium caudolaterale is a multimodal area in the caudal telencephalon that is apparently not homologous to the mammalian prefrontal cortex but serves comparable functions. Here we analyzed binding-site densities of glutamatergic AMPA, NMDA and kainate receptors, GABAergic GABA(A), muscarinic M(1), M(2) and nicotinic (nACh) receptors, noradrenergic α(1) and α(2), serotonergic 5-HT(1A) and dopaminergic D(1)-like receptors using quantitative in vitro receptor autoradiography. We compared the receptor architecture of the pigeons' nidopallial structures, in particular the NCL, with cortical areas Fr2 and Cg1 in rats and prefrontal area BA10 in humans. Our results confirmed that the relative ratios of multiple receptor densities across different nidopallial structures (their "receptor fingerprints") were very similar in shape; however, the absolute binding densities (the "size" of the fingerprints) differed significantly. This finding enables a delineation of the avian NCL from surrounding structures and a further parcellation into a medial and a lateral part as revealed by differences in densities of nACh, M(2), kainate, and 5-HT(1A) receptors. Comparisons of the NCL with the rat and human frontal structures showed differences in the receptor distribution, particularly of the glutamate receptors, but also revealed highly conserved features like the identical densities of GABA(A), M(2), nACh and D(1)-like receptors. Assuming a convergent evolution of avian and mammalian prefrontal areas, our results support the hypothesis that specific neurochemical traits provide the molecular background for higher order processes such as executive functions. The differences in glutamate receptor distributions may reflect species-specific adaptations.
“…By contrast, the amounts of GABA A receptors were equally distributed in the prefrontal areas of all the investigated species here and also in the NCL of pigeons and chicks (Stewart et al 1988). The same is true for the CDL and the human as well as the macaque cingulate cortex (Bozkurt et al 2005;Palomero-Gallagher et al 2009). Thus, there seems to be a shift towards higher densities of glutamate receptors in avian nidopallial structures.…”
Section: Comparison To Mammals and Functional Considerationsmentioning
The avian nidopallium caudolaterale is a multimodal area in the caudal telencephalon that is apparently not homologous to the mammalian prefrontal cortex but serves comparable functions. Here we analyzed binding-site densities of glutamatergic AMPA, NMDA and kainate receptors, GABAergic GABA(A), muscarinic M(1), M(2) and nicotinic (nACh) receptors, noradrenergic α(1) and α(2), serotonergic 5-HT(1A) and dopaminergic D(1)-like receptors using quantitative in vitro receptor autoradiography. We compared the receptor architecture of the pigeons' nidopallial structures, in particular the NCL, with cortical areas Fr2 and Cg1 in rats and prefrontal area BA10 in humans. Our results confirmed that the relative ratios of multiple receptor densities across different nidopallial structures (their "receptor fingerprints") were very similar in shape; however, the absolute binding densities (the "size" of the fingerprints) differed significantly. This finding enables a delineation of the avian NCL from surrounding structures and a further parcellation into a medial and a lateral part as revealed by differences in densities of nACh, M(2), kainate, and 5-HT(1A) receptors. Comparisons of the NCL with the rat and human frontal structures showed differences in the receptor distribution, particularly of the glutamate receptors, but also revealed highly conserved features like the identical densities of GABA(A), M(2), nACh and D(1)-like receptors. Assuming a convergent evolution of avian and mammalian prefrontal areas, our results support the hypothesis that specific neurochemical traits provide the molecular background for higher order processes such as executive functions. The differences in glutamate receptor distributions may reflect species-specific adaptations.
“…Both regions studied here do, however, display a similarly rich glutamatergic innervation [Bozkurt et al, 2005;PalomeroGallagher et al, 2008b]. This neurotransmitter system, as the main excitatory neurotransmitter in the cortex, is thus likely to play a role in any interaction between the two regions.…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 63%
“…Both subregions of the ACC studied have rich glutamatergic innervation [Bozkurt et al, 2005;Palomero-Gallagher et al, 2008b], and so this neurotransmitter system, the main excitatory neurotransmitter system and important in corticocortical communication, was deemed likely to play a role in communication between the two regions. This was confirmed in this study through the combination of effective connectivity analyses and the measuring of glutamate using MRS. That the relationship between glutamate concentration and interregional signal changes was found only in the case of pgACC glutamate levels further supports the unidirectional nature of the communication between the pgACC and sgACC described here.…”
The brain shows a high degree of activity at rest. The significance of this activity has come increasingly into focus. At present, however, the interaction between this activity and stimulus-induced activity is not well defined. The interaction between a task-negative (perigenual anterior cingulate cortex, pgACC) and task-positive (supragenual anterior cingulate cortex, sgACC) region during a simple task was thus investigated using a combination of fMRI and MRS. Negative BOLD responses in the pgACC were found to show a unidirectional effective connectivity with task-induced positive BOLD responses in the sgACC. This connectivity was shown to be related specifically with glutamate levels in the pgACC. These results demonstrate an interaction between deactivation from resting-state and resting-state glutamate levels in a task-negative region (pgACC), and task-induced activity in a task-positive region (sgACC). This provides insight into the neuronal and biochemical mechanisms by means of which the resting state activity of the brain potentially impacts upon subsequent stimulus-induced activity.
“…Direct linking of cytoarchitectural and receptor binding findings with multivariate modeling has been demonstrated for human parietal cortex (Zilles and PalomeroGallagher, 2001) and its application to the cingulate gyrus in the monkey demonstrated (Bozkurt et al, 2005). Now that the PCC dichotomy has been uncovered along with its circuitry in human and monkey brains, we are certain to move closer to the underlying contributions of the posterior cingulate gyrus to human behavior.…”
Section: The Future For Circuitry Analysis Of Human Cingulate Cortexmentioning
Human posterior cingulate cortex (PCC) and retrosplenial cortex (RSC) form the posterior cingulate gyrus, however, monkey connection and human imaging studies suggest that PCC area 23 is not uniform and atlases mislocate RSC. We histologically assessed these regions in 6 postmortem cases, plotted a flat map, and characterized differences in dorsal (d) and ventral (v) area 23. Subsequently, functional connectivity of histologically guided regions of interest (ROI) were assessed in 163 [ 18 F] fluorodeoxyglucose human cases with PET. Compared to area d23, area v23 had a higher density and larger pyramids in layers II, IIIc, and Vb and more intermediate neurofilament-expressing neurons in layer Va. Coregisrtration of each case to standard coordinates showed that the ventral branch of the splenial sulci coincided with the border between d/v PCC at −5.4±0.17 cm from the vertical plane and +1.97±0.08 cm from the bi-commissural line. Correlation analysis of glucose metabolism using histologically guided ROIs suggested important circuit differences including dorsal and ventral visual stream inputs, interactions between the vPCC and subgenual cingulate cortex, and preferential relations between dPCC and the cingulate motor region. The RSC, in contrast, had restricted correlated activity with pericallosal cortex and thalamus. Visual information may be processed with an orbitofrontal link for synthesis of signals to drive premotor activity through dPCC. Review of the literature in terms of a PCC duality suggests that interactions of dPCC, including area 23d, orients the body in space via the cingulate motor areas, while vPCC interacts with subgenual cortex to process self-relevant emotional and non-emotional information and objects and self reflection.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.