“…Elevated levels of CXCL8/IL-8 and CXCL10/inducible protein-10 (CXCL10/ IP-10) have been detected in rectal biopsy samples from patients with active UC and CD, and the level of expression of these chemokines correlated with severity of inflammation [41,42]. Notably, macrophages and lymphocytes from the colon of these patients express increased levels of the CXCL8/ IL-8 and CXCL10/IP-10 receptors, CXCR1 and CXCR3 [42]. Other chemokines, including CCL2/MCP-1, CCL6/MCP-3, CCL11/eotaxin-1, CCL5/RANTES, and CCL20/MIP3α have also been shown to be upregulated in colon and rectal biopsy samples from patients with active IBD [39,40].…”