Distribution of gene segments of the pandemic A(H1N1) 2009 virus lineage in pig populations

Okuya, Kosuke; Matsuu, Aya; Kawabata, Takeko; Koike, Fumihiko; Ito, Mika; Furuya, Tokujiro; Taneno, Akira; Akimoto, Shin‐ichi; Deguchi, Eisaburo; Ozawa, Makoto

doi:10.1111/tbed.12887

Cited by 5 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 24 publications

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“…Currently, there are three dominant subtypes of swine influenza viruses circulating in Japan: H1N1, H1N2, and H3N2 . To detect antibodies against swine IAVs in Japanese wild boars, we examined the subtype‐specific seroprevalence of anti‐influenza antibodies in collected serum samples using a virus‐neutralization test.…”

Section: Summary Of the Results Of Serological Test Using Virus‐neutrmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Virus-neutralization tests were conducted using recently isolated swine influenza viruses of H1 and H3 subtypes and highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses (HPAIVs) of the H5 subtype in Japan, specifically A/swine/ Chiba/KU-MI2-3/2016 (H1N1, KU-MI2-3), A/swine/ Chiba/KU-FK3/2016 (H1N2, KU-FK3), A/swine/Japan/ KU-MD4/2013 (H3N2, KU-MD4) and HPAIV strains, A/duck/Kagoshima/KU-116/2015 (H5N8, KU-116), and A/crane/Kagoshima/KU-4/2016 (H5N6, KU-4). [4][5][6][7] In brief, a mixture of twofold dilution of serum and 200 TCID 50 (median tissue culture infectious dose) of the viruses in Dulbecco's Modified Eagle's Medium (DMEM) was allowed to stand for 2 hr. The mixture was then inoculated in MDCK cells seeded into 48 well tissue culture plates.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Currently, there are three dominant subtypes of swine influenza viruses circulating in Japan: H1N1, H1N2, and H3N2. 4 To detect antibodies against swine IAVs in Japanese wild boars, we examined the subtype-specific seroprevalence of anti-influenza antibodies in collected serum samples using a virus-neutralization test. The following swine IAVs were used for the neutralization test: strain KU-MI2-3 possessing hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) genes originating from the pandemic A (H1N1) 2009 (H1N1pdm09) virus; strain KU-FK3 possessing HA and NA genes originating from the classical swine H1N2 virus; and strain KU-MD4 possessing HA and NA genes originating from the human seasonal H3N2 virus.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The following swine IAVs were used for the neutralization test: strain KU-MI2-3 possessing hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) genes originating from the pandemic A (H1N1) 2009 (H1N1pdm09) virus; strain KU-FK3 possessing HA and NA genes originating from the classical swine H1N2 virus; and strain KU-MD4 possessing HA and NA genes originating from the human seasonal H3N2 virus. 4,6 Twofold serum dilutions were tested starting from a dilution of 1:20. As presented in Table 1, 15 serum samples (25.4%) were positive for the H1N1 strain KU-MI2-3 with virus-neutralizing antibody titers ranging from 20 to 2560.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Serological survey of influenza A virus infection in Japanese wild boars (Sus scrofa leucomystax)

Fujimoto

Inoue

Ozawa

et al. 2019

Microbiology and Immunology

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We conducted a serological survey to detect antibodies against influenza A virus (IAV) in Japanese wild boars in Kagoshima prefecture, Japan, between 2014 and 2017. Seroprevalence against a pandemic‐like swine H1N1 (H1N1pdm) virus was identified in 27.1% of specimens, and 1.7% were positive for both swine H1N2 and H3N2 viruses, indicating that wild boars could play an important role in the dynamics of H1N1pdm viral dispersion in the wild. The high frequency of positive results for sera against the H1N1pdm virus suggests that cross‐species IAV transmission between wild boars, livestock, and humans is a threat to veterinary and public health.

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Section: Summary Of the Results Of Serological Test Using Virus‐neutrmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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confidence: 99%

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confidence: 99%

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Serological survey of influenza A virus infection in Japanese wild boars (Sus scrofa leucomystax)

Fujimoto

Inoue

Ozawa

et al. 2019

Microbiology and Immunology

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“…IAVs-S with an H3 HA gene of human seasonal strains have been reported sporadically in Japan (33,40,41), but the current situation differs from that during 1970 to 2013. H3N2 IAVs-S derived from human seasonal influenza viruses were isolated in Hokkaido in 1985, Ehime in 2002, and Osaka in 2007 (47).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 96%

Genetic Characterization of Influenza A Viruses in Japanese Swine in 2015 to 2019

Mine

Uchida

Takemae

et al. 2020

J Virol

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To assess the current status of influenza A viruses of swine (IAVs-S) throughout Japan and to investigate how these viruses persisted and evolve on pig farms, we genetically characterized IAVs-S isolated during 2015 to 2019. Nasal swab samples collected through active surveillance and lung tissue samples collected for diagnosis yielded 424 IAVs-S, comprising 78 H1N1, 331 H1N2, and 15 H3N2 viruses, from farms in 21 sampled prefectures in Japan. Phylogenetic analyses of surface genes revealed that the 1A.1 classical swine H1 lineage has evolved uniquely since the late 1970s among pig populations in Japan. During 2015 to 2019, A(H1N1)pdm09 viruses repeatedly became introduced into farms and reassorted with endemic H1N2 and H3N2 IAVs-S. H3N2 IAVs-S isolated during 2015 to 2019 formed a clade that originated from 1999–2000 human seasonal influenza viruses; this situation differs from previous reports, in which H3N2 IAVs-S derived from human seasonal influenza viruses were transmitted sporadically from humans to swine but then disappeared without becoming established within the pig population. At farms where IAVs-S were frequently isolated for at least 3 years, multiple introductions of IAVs-S with phylogenetically distinct hemagglutinin (HA) genes occurred. In addition, at one farm, IAVs-S derived from a single introduction persisted for at least 3 years and carried no mutations at the deduced antigenic sites of the hemagglutinin protein, except for one at the antigenic site (Sa). Our results extend our understanding regarding the status of IAVs-S currently circulating in Japan and how they genetically evolve at the farm level. IMPORTANCE Understanding the current status of influenza A viruses of swine (IAVs-S) and their evolution at the farm level is important for controlling these pathogens. Efforts to monitor IAVs-S during 2015 to 2019 yielded H1N1, H1N2, and H3N2 viruses. H1 genes in Japanese swine formed a unique clade in the classical swine H1 lineage of 1A.1, and H3 genes originating from 1999–2000 human seasonal influenza viruses appear to have become established among Japanese swine. A(H1N1)pdm09-derived H1 genes became introduced repeatedly and reassorted with endemic IAVs-S, resulting in various combinations of surface and internal genes among pig populations in Japan. At the farm level, multiple introductions of IAVs-S with phylogenetically distinct HA sequences occurred, or IAVs-S derived from a single introduction have persisted for at least 3 years with only a single mutation at the antigenic site of the HA protein. Continued monitoring of IAVs-S is necessary to update and maximize control strategies.

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Higher virulence of swine H1N2 influenza viruses containing avian-origin HA and 2009 pandemic PA and NP in pigs and mice

Jang

Seo

2020

Arch Virol

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Pigs are capable of harbouring influenza A viruses of human and avian origin in their respiratory tracts and thus act as an important intermediary host to generate novel influenza viruses with pandemic potential by genetic reassortment between the two viruses. Here, we show that two distinct H1N2 swine influenza viruses contain avian-like or classical swine-like hemagglutinins with polymerase acidic (PA) and nucleoprotein (NP) genes from 2009 pandemic H1N1 influenza viruses that were found to be circulating in Korean pigs in 2018. Swine H1N2 influenza virus containing an avian-like hemagglutinin gene had enhanced pathogenicity, causing severe interstitial pneumonia in infected pigs and mice. The mortality rate of mice infected with swine H1N2 influenza virus containing an avian-like hemagglutinin gene was higher by 100% when compared to that of mice infected with swine H1N2 influenza virus harbouring classical swine-like hemagglutinin. Further, chemokines attracting inflammatory cells were strongly induced in lung tissues of pigs and mice infected by swine H1N2 influenza virus containing an avian-like hemagglutinin gene. In conclusion, it is necessary for the well-being of humans and pigs to closely monitor swine influenza viruses containing avian-like hemagglutinin with PA and NP genes from 2009 pandemic H1N1 influenza viruses.

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Distribution of gene segments of the pandemic A(H1N1) 2009 virus lineage in pig populations

Cited by 5 publications

References 24 publications

Serological survey of influenza A virus infection in Japanese wild boars (Sus scrofa leucomystax)

Serological survey of influenza A virus infection in Japanese wild boars (Sus scrofa leucomystax)

Genetic Characterization of Influenza A Viruses in Japanese Swine in 2015 to 2019

Higher virulence of swine H1N2 influenza viruses containing avian-origin HA and 2009 pandemic PA and NP in pigs and mice

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