“…The applications such as electric vehicles (EVs), portable electronics, and for frequency regulation, etc. highly demand the batteries with low cost, high power density, light weight, high safety, long life and environmentally friendly in nature [12,[49][50][51][52][53]. The electrochemical energy storage batteries include sodium sulfur (Na-S), sodium-ion (Na-ion), K-ion), Zn-ion, Zn-air, lithium-ion (Li-ion), lithium air (Li-air), redox flow, aqueous rechargeable and thin-film batteries.…”