A review of π-conjugated polymer-based nanocomposites for metal-ion batteries and supercapacitors

Abstract

Owing to their extraordinary properties of π-conjugated polymers (π-CPs), such as light weight, structural versatility, ease of synthesis and environmentally friendly nature, they have attracted considerable attention as electrode material for metal-ion batteries (MIBs) and supercapacitors (SCPs). Recently, researchers have focused on developing nanostructured π-CPs and their composites with metal oxides and carbon-based materials to enhance the energy density and capacitive performance of MIBs and SCPs. Also, the researchers recently demonstrated various novel strategies to combine high electrical conductivity and high redox activity of different π-CPs. To reflect this fact, the present review investigates the current advancements in the synthesis of nanostructured π-CPs and their composites. Further, this review explores the recent development in different methods for the fabrication and design of π-CPs electrodes for MIBs and SCPs. In review, finally, the future prospects and challenges of π-CPs as an electrode materials for strategies for MIBs and SCPs are also presented.

A Short Review on Surface‐Confined Monolayers of π‐Conjugated Polymers for Photovoltaics

“…[1,2] These polymer materials also have extraordinary advantages of low cost, light weight, excellent structural stability, as well as diverse functionality. [3][4][5] Therefore, CP-based materials have been extensively studied in organic electronics in the past few decades, such as rechargeable batteries, [6][7][8][9][10] field-effect transistors, [11,12] light-emitting diodes, [13,14] photovoltaics (PVs), [15][16][17][18][19][20] photocatalysts, [21,22] electrochromic devices, [23,24] biosensors, [25,26] and so on.…”

Phenacyl Bromide as a Single‐Component Photoinitiator: Photoinduced Step‐Growth Polymerization ofN‐Methylpyrrole andN‐Methylindole

“…Cross‐coupling methods which are the mostly applied techniques for COPs, require highly inert atmosphere and refluxing conditions [11] . Classical chemical polymerization methods for COPs involve the excess use of oxidizing metal salts which are hard to remove the trace amount that deteriorates the optoelectronic properties of the final polymer [12] . Electrochemical production of COPs avoids the use of any metal salts [13] .…”

“…[11] Classical chemical polymerization methods for COPs involve the excess use of oxidizing metal salts which are hard to remove the trace amount that deteriorates the optoelectronic properties of the final polymer. [12] Electrochemical production of COPs avoids the use of any metal salts. [13] However, it mainly suffers from the decrease of the efficiency of the electrode during polymerization reaction.…”

Conjugated Imine Polymer Synthesized via Step-Growth Metathesis for Highly Stable Silicon Nanoparticle Anodes in Lithium-Ion Batteries

“…Conjugated polymers (CPs) have driven innovations in a variety of energy conversion and storage fields including organic photovoltaics (OPVs), 1,2 supercapacitors, 3 transistors, 2 thermoelectrics, 2 lithium ion batteries (LIBs), [3][4][5] and other metal cation battery systems. 3,4 Recently, CP research has increasingly focused on developing novel, simplified reaction schemes as an alternative to costly multi-step synthetic procedures with traditionally catalyzed crosscoupling reactions that may be difficult to implement at scale.…”

“…Conjugated polymers (CPs) have driven innovations in a variety of energy conversion and storage fields including organic photovoltaics (OPVs), 1,2 supercapacitors, 3 transistors, 2 thermoelectrics, 2 lithium ion batteries (LIBs), [3][4][5] and other metal cation battery systems. 3,4 Recently, CP research has increasingly focused on developing novel, simplified reaction schemes as an alternative to costly multi-step synthetic procedures with traditionally catalyzed crosscoupling reactions that may be difficult to implement at scale. 6 For example, previous reports have demonstrated that OPV cost scales directly with the number of synthetic steps, 7 and significant effort has been dedicated towards developing new, comparatively simple polymerization methods such as direct heteroarylation to produce conjugated polymers.…”