Dissolution, Sorption, and Kinetics Involved in Systems Containing Explosives, Water, and Soil

Larson, Steven L.; Martin, William A.; Escalon, B. Lynn; Thompson, Mike

doi:10.1021/es0717360

Cited by 43 publications

(35 citation statements)

References 17 publications

(37 reference statements)

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“…For example, Lynch et al [28] and Lynch [23] mined that explosive dissolution rates double with every 10 °C increase in temperature from 3 to 33 °C. In addition, solubility maxima may be influenced by soil physico-chemical properties which may influence explosive adsorption onto soil particles [29]). Furey et al [30] determined that geosorbents (e.g., iron, clay, humic acid) may influence the elution rate of TNT and RDX from soil.…”

Section: Dissolutionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Soils contaminated with explosives: Environmental fate and evaluation of state-of-the-art remediation processes (IUPAC Technical Report)

Kalderis

Juhasz

Boopathy

et al. 2011

Pure and Applied Chemistry

153

143

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An explosion occurs when a large amount of energy is suddenly released. This energy may come from an over-pressurized steam boiler, from the products of a chemical reaction involving explosive materials, or from a nuclear reaction that is uncontrolled. In order for an explosion to occur, there must be a local accumulation of energy at the site of the explosion, which is suddenly released. This release of energy can be dissipated as blast waves, propulsion of debris, or by the emission of thermal and ionizing radiation.Modern explosives or energetic materials are nitrogen-containing organic compounds with the potential for self-oxidation to small gaseous molecules (N 2 , H 2 O, and CO 2 ). Explosives are classified as primary or secondary based on their susceptibility of initiation. Primary explosives are highly susceptible to initiation and are often used to ignite secondary explosives, such as TNT (2,4,6-trinitrotoluene), RDX (1,3,5-trinitroperhydro-1,3,5-triazine), HMX (1,3,5,7-tetranitro-1,3,5,7-tetrazocane), and tetryl (N-methyl-N-2,4,6-tetranitroaniline).

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Section: Dissolutionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Soils contaminated with explosives: Environmental fate and evaluation of state-of-the-art remediation processes (IUPAC Technical Report)

Kalderis

Juhasz

Boopathy

et al. 2011

Pure and Applied Chemistry

153

143

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“…Research papers involving abiotic (N independent) processes most often reported the production of reduced products from TNT transformation (e.g. aminotoluenes) (Larson et al 2008). These products would bind to humic particles and aggregates (if present) or form dimers in solution.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Union Support Recovery in High-Dimensional Multivariate Regression

Obozinski

Wainwright

Jordan

2008

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Standard Form 298 (Rev. 8-98)Prescribed by ANSI Std. Z39.18Public reporting burden for this collection of information is estimated to average 1 hour per response, including the time for reviewing instructions, searching existing data sources, gathering and maintaining the data needed, and completing and reviewing this collection of information. Once released in the environment, either through detonation, casing breakage, or by slow leaks from unexploded ordnance (UXO), nitrogenous energetic compounds (NEC, such as TNT, HMX, RDX) may sorb onto particulates, partition to dissolved organic matter, or remain dissolved in aqueous media. Our hypothesis was that NEC would be transient in coastal ecosystems. This was based primarily on the understanding that microbial growth in these systems is typically nitrogen-limited and there are few examples of nitrogen based organic compounds that are not rapidly metabolized in these environments. During 14 sampling events in coastal waterways from 2002 to 2007, we measured TNT mineralization rates in surface sediment and water samples that were often the same as, or within one order of magnitude of, the rate of total heterotrophic bacterial metabolism. These rates were often similar to those of other organic compounds that are transient in natural ecosystems due to their use in bacterial metabolism, such as petroleum hydrocarbons and amino acids. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME(S) AND ADDRESS(ES) SPONSOR / MONITOR'S ACRONYM(S) 9. SPONSORING / MONITORING AGENCY NAME(S) AND ADDRESS(ES) SPONSOR / MONITOR'S REPORT NUMBER(S)

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“…Ainsworth et al [19] investigated the transformation of TNT and RDX in steam-sterilised soils, finding that TNT underwent abiotic transformation. Similarly, Larson et al [28] investigated the fate of TNT and RDX in 6 soils. The authors compared sterilised and unsterilised soils, and concluded that TNT and RDX transformation occurred in both the sterilised and unsterilised soils, though the transformation levels were higher in the unsterilised soils.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The stability of TNT, RDX and PETN in simulated post-explosion soils: Implications of sample preparation for analysis

DeTata

Lewis

et al. 2017

Talanta

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Explosives residues in soils may be a useful source of evidence following the detonation of an improvised explosive device (IED), such as a vehicle-borne IED. Soil samples collected from the vicinity of an explosion scene will often be stored for some time prior to analysis, yet explosives residues in soil samples are susceptible to rapid degradation or transformation. Although some research has assessed the use of different storage temperatures with a view to reducing explosives' degradation over time, further research examining the degradation of explosives in soil when stored under a variety of storage conditions is crucial to determine the optimal sample collection and storage procedures for soil containing explosives residues. In this work, three different soils were spiked with solutions of TNT, RDX and PETN and stored either at room temperature, refrigerated or frozen. Samples were extracted over 6 weeks, with additional samples gamma-irradiated or nitrogen purged prior to storage. Experimental results indicate that TNT underwent very rapid degradation at room temperature, attributed to microbial action, whereas PETN and RDX proved to be more stable. Gamma irradiation and nitrogen purging proved of some benefit for mitigating TNT degradation, with lower storage temperatures ultimately proving the most effective method of mitigating degradation.

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Dissolution, Sorption, and Kinetics Involved in Systems Containing Explosives, Water, and Soil

Cited by 43 publications

References 17 publications

Soils contaminated with explosives: Environmental fate and evaluation of state-of-the-art remediation processes (IUPAC Technical Report)

Soils contaminated with explosives: Environmental fate and evaluation of state-of-the-art remediation processes (IUPAC Technical Report)

Union Support Recovery in High-Dimensional Multivariate Regression

The stability of TNT, RDX and PETN in simulated post-explosion soils: Implications of sample preparation for analysis

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