Soils contaminated with explosives: Environmental fate and evaluation of state-of-the-art remediation processes (IUPAC Technical Report)

Kalderis, Dimitrios; Juhasz, Albert L.; Boopathy, Raj; Comfort, Steve D.

doi:10.1351/pac-rep-10-01-05

Cited by 148 publications

(150 citation statements)

References 378 publications

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“…Nitro groups in the aromatic ring are often implicated as the cause of the persistence and toxicity of such compounds. Nitroaromatic compounds enter soil, water, and food by several routes, such as use of pesticides, plastics, pharmaceuticals, landfill dumping of industrial wastes, and the military use of explosives (Kalderis et al 2011). The nitroaromatic compound trinitrotoluene (TNT) has been introduced into soil and water ecosystems mainly by military activities like the manufacture, loading, and disposal of explosives and propellants.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Biodegradation of 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT) under sulfate and nitrate reducing conditions

Boopathy

2014

Biologia

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Anaerobic degradation of 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT) was studied under sulfate-and nitrate-reducing conditions using enrichment cultures developed from a TNT-contaminated soil from the Louisiana Army Ammunition Plant (LAAP) in Minden, Louisiana, USA. The soil samples were enriched using mineral salt media with either nitrate or sulfate as electron acceptors in the presence of TNT under strict anaerobic conditions. The enriched samples were experimented with TNT as either the sole source of carbon or nitrogen and also under co-metabolic conditions with molasses as co-substrate. The results revealed that TNT was removed under both electron acceptor conditions. However, the TNT degradation efficiency was significantly higher under sulfate-reducing conditions than the nitrate-reducing conditions. Under sulfatereducing conditions, TNT removal was faster when molasses was used as co-substrate. The metabolic analysis showed that TNT was mineralized and the major end product was acetic acid, CO2, and ammonia. A soil slurry reactor with TNT-contaminated soil showed more than 90% of TNT removal within 60 days of incubation.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Biodegradation of 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT) under sulfate and nitrate reducing conditions

Boopathy

2014

Biologia

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“…If a sample contains a particle or several particles of pure RDX, it will have a high concentration, and if it does not contain any particles, it will have a much lower concentration. This phenomenon has been cited in the literature [5,28,29].…”

Section: Rdx Transformations In Soilmentioning

confidence: 61%

“…Modern explosives or energetic materials like RDX (C 3 H 6 N 6 O 6 , research department explosive also called royal demolition explosives on surface soils even when rounds explode as intended [5]. These particles dissolve over an extended period of time and this is the primary mechanism for the transport and dissemination of energetics throughout the environment [6].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Molasses enhanced phyto and bioremediation treatability study of explosives contaminated Hawaiian soils

Lamichhane

Babcock

Turnbull

et al. 2012

Journal of Hazardous Materials

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h i g h l i g h t sNatural degradation of RDX is very slow and its release into the environment is a concern. Molasses enhances biodegradation of RDX and complete degradation occurred within few weeks. Low molasses dose of 1:40 (molasses to water ratio) was as effective as the higher dose (1:20). The combination of Guinea Grass (Panicum maximum) and molasses did not improve RDX degradation. Addition of molasses to soil in army training ranges can prevent migration of RDX to groundwater and off-site. a r t i c l e i n f o The energetics in the soil were royal demolition explosive (RDX) and high-melting explosive (HMX). Among the 6 treatments employed in this study, enhanced removal of RDX was observed from treatments that received molasses and went to completion. The RDX degradation rates in treatments with molasses diluted 1:20 and 1:40 were comparable suggesting that the lower dose worked as well as the higher dose. Treatments without molasses degraded RDX slowly and residuals remained after 15 weeks. The bacterial densities in molasses-treated units were much greater than those without molasses. Phytoremediation alone seems to have little effect on RDX disappearance. For HMX, neither bioremediation nor phytoremediation was found to be useful in reducing the concentration within the experimental period. The concentrations of nitrogen and phosphorous in the soil did not change significantly during the experiment, however, a slight increase in soil pH was observed in all treatments. The study showed that irrigating with diluted molasses is effective at enhancing RDX degradation mainly in the root zone and just below it. The long term sustainability of active training ranges can be enhanced by bioremediation using molasses treatments to prevent RDX deposited by on-going operations from migrating through the soil to groundwater and off-site.

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“…화약류는 사용목적에 따라 TNT 단독으로 사용되거나, RDX 혹은 HMX와 혼합하여 사용되고 있으며, 토양 및 지하수를 비롯한 자연환경 오염의 원인이 되고 있다 (Brannon et al, 2000;Kalderis et al, 2011;Mese and Lehmpuhl, 2008;Zhang et al, 2011). 미국의 경우 2013년을 기준으로 30여 개의 국가우선순위목록(National Priority List; NPL)에서 TNT가 검출되고 있으며, 우리나라의 경우도 사격장 및 훈 련장에서 TNT에 의한 토양 오염이 발견되고 있다 (Bae and Park, 2014).…”

Section: Introduction 1)unclassified

A Study on the Degradation Properties of Aqueous Trinitrotoluene by Palladium Catalyst and Formic Acid

Jeong

Choi²,

Park³

et al. 2015

Journal of Korean Society on Water Environment

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Various methods to degrade explosives efficiently in natural soil and water that include trinitrotoluene (TNT) have been studied. In this study, TNT in water was degraded by reduction with palladium (Pd) catalyst impregnated onto alumina (henceforth Pd-Al catalyst) and formic acid. The degradation of TNT was faster when the temperature of water was high, and the initial TNT concentration, pH, and ion concentration in water were low. The amounts of Pd-Al catalyst and formic acid were also important for TNT degradation in water. According to the experimental results, the degradation constant of TNT with unit mass of Pd-Al catalyst was 8.37 min -1 g -1 . The degradation constant of TNT was higher than the results of previous studies which used zero valent iron. 2,6-diamino-4-nitrotoluene and 2-amino-4,6-dinitrotoluene were detected as by-products of TNT degradation showing that TNT was reduced. The by-products of TNT were also completely degraded after reaction when both Pd-Al catalyst and formic acid existed. Even though there are several challenges of Pd-Al catalyst (e.g., deactivation, poisoning, leaching, etc.), the results of this study show that TNT degradation by Pd-Al catalyst and formic acid is a promising technique to remediate explosive contaminated water and soil.

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Soils contaminated with explosives: Environmental fate and evaluation of state-of-the-art remediation processes (IUPAC Technical Report)

Cited by 148 publications

References 378 publications

Biodegradation of 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT) under sulfate and nitrate reducing conditions

Biodegradation of 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT) under sulfate and nitrate reducing conditions

Molasses enhanced phyto and bioremediation treatability study of explosives contaminated Hawaiian soils

A Study on the Degradation Properties of Aqueous Trinitrotoluene by Palladium Catalyst and Formic Acid

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