Displacement detection of silicon nanowires by polarization-enhanced fiber-optic interferometry

Nichol, John; Hemesath, Eric R.; Lauhon, Lincoln J.; Budakian, Raffi

doi:10.1063/1.3025305

Cited by 84 publications

(125 citation statements)

References 19 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

115

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…In this article, we expose a novel ultrasensitive measurement technique going beyond scalar measurements and permitting to directly image vectorial 2D force fields. It is based on a singly clamped nanowire (NW) which can oscillate along two perpendicular transverse directions [18,[20][21][22][23][24]. Its vibrating extremity is immersed in the force field under investigation while its 2D-Brownian motion is optically detected and reconstructed in realtime.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

A universal and ultrasensitive vectorial nanomechanical sensor for imaging 2D force fields

et al. 2016

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Miniaturization of force probes into nanomechanical oscillators enables ultrasensitive investigations of forces on dimensions smaller than their characteristic length scale. Meanwhile it also unravels the force field vectorial character and how its topology impacts the measurement. Here we expose an ultrasensitive method to image 2D vectorial force fields by optomechanically following the bidimensional Brownian motion of a singly clamped nanowire. This novel approach relies on angular and spectral tomography of its quasi frequency-degenerated transverse mechanical polarizations: immersing the nanoresonator in a vectorial force field does not only shift its eigenfrequencies but also rotate eigenmodes orientation as a nano-compass. This universal method is employed to map a tunable electrostatic force field whose spatial gradients can even take precedence over the intrinsic nanowire properties. Enabling vectorial force fields imaging with demonstrated sensitivities of attonewton variations over the nanoprobe Brownian trajectory will have strong impact on scientific exploration at the nanoscale.Introduction-Nanosciences were revolutionized by the invention of atomic force microscopy [1] which enabled first perceptions of the nanoworld, by measuring proximity forces exerted by a sample on a micromechanical oscillator. The subsequent emergence of nanomechanical oscillators and evolutions in readout techniques [2][3][4] lead to impressive improvements in force sensitivity [5], enabling detection of collective spin dynamics [6][7][8], single electron spin [9], mass sensing of atoms [10,11] or inertial sensing [12]. Attractive perspectives arise too when nanoresonators are hybridized to single quantum systems, such as molecular magnets [13], spin or solid states qubits [14][15][16][17]. This reduction of the probe size naturally motivates the exploration of force fields on dimensions smaller than their characteristic length scale where a great physical richness is expected, in particular for nanoscale imaging or investigations of fundamental interactions such as proximity forces or near field couplings. In this situation, measurements are performed in presence of strong force field gradients whose vectorial structure becomes crucially relevant and should be fully accounted to describe the measurement process itself [18].

show abstract

mentioning

confidence: 99%

A universal and ultrasensitive vectorial nanomechanical sensor for imaging 2D force fields

et al. 2016

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Several other routes have been explored, including, for example, surface cleaning under ultra high-vacuum conditions 14 or the use of doubly clamped beams at high spring tension 15 . Exciting recent progress has further been made with bottom-up devices such as suspended carbon nanotube 16 , silicon nanowire 17 or trapped ion 18 oscillators. All of these approaches have their drawbacks, however.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Single-crystal diamond nanomechanical resonators with quality factors exceeding one million

et al. 2014

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Diamond has gained a reputation as a uniquely versatile material, yet one that is intricate to grow and process. Resonating nanostructures made of single-crystal diamond are expected to possess excellent mechanical properties, including high-quality factors and low dissipation. Here we demonstrate batch fabrication and mechanical measurements of single-crystal diamond cantilevers with thickness down to 85 nm, thickness uniformity better than 20 nm and lateral dimensions up to 240 mm. Quality factors exceeding one million are found at room temperature, surpassing those of state-of-the-art single-crystal silicon cantilevers of similar dimensions by roughly an order of magnitude. The corresponding thermal force noise for the best cantilevers is B5 Á 10 À 19 N Hz À 1/2 at millikelvin temperatures. Single-crystal diamond could thus directly improve existing force and mass sensors by a simple substitution of resonator material. Presented methods are easily adapted for fabrication of nanoelectromechanical systems, optomechanical resonators or nanophotonic devices that may lead to new applications in classical and quantum science.

show abstract

“…To fully understand and quantitatively demonstrate the position-dependent nature of the multimode resonance spectra, we now focus on measuring the peak amplitude of each of the five resonance modes, while scanning the laser spot throughout the device area (that is, the so-called scanning spectromicroscopy) 33,34 . The left panels in Fig.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Spatial mapping of multimode Brownian motions in high-frequency silicon carbide microdisk resonators

2014

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

High-order and multiple modes in high-frequency micro/nanomechanical resonators are attractive for empowering signal processing and sensing with multi-modalities, yet many challenges remain in identifying and manipulating these modes, and in developing constitutive materials and structures that efficiently support high-order modes. Here we demonstrate high-frequency multimode silicon carbide microdisk resonators and spatial mapping of the intrinsic Brownian thermomechanical vibrations, up to the ninth flexural mode, with displacement sensitivities of B7 À 14 fm Hz À 1/2 . The microdisks are made in a 500-nm-carbide on 500-nm-oxide thin-film technology that facilitates ultrasensitive motion detection via scanning laser interferometry with high spectral and spatial resolutions. Mapping of these thermomechanical vibrations vividly visualizes the shapes and textures of high-order Brownian motions in the microdisks. Measurements on devices with varying dimensions provide deterministic information for precisely identifying the mode sequence and characteristics, and for examining mode degeneracy, spatial asymmetry and other effects, which can be exploited for encoding information with increasing complexity.

show abstract

Displacement detection of silicon nanowires by polarization-enhanced fiber-optic interferometry

Cited by 84 publications

References 19 publications

A universal and ultrasensitive vectorial nanomechanical sensor for imaging 2D force fields

A universal and ultrasensitive vectorial nanomechanical sensor for imaging 2D force fields

Single-crystal diamond nanomechanical resonators with quality factors exceeding one million

Spatial mapping of multimode Brownian motions in high-frequency silicon carbide microdisk resonators

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About