Dispensing Technology on the Route to an Industrial Metallization Process

Pospischil, Maximilian; Kuchler, M.; Klawitter, M.; Rodríguez, Carlos; Padilla, Milan; Efinger, Raphael; Linse, Michael; Padilla, A.; Gentischer, Harald; König, Markus; Hörteis, M.; Wende, L.; Doll, O.; Zengerle, Roland; Clement, Florian; Biro, Daniel

doi:10.1016/j.egypro.2015.03.297

Cited by 18 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 6 publications

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“…The squeegee pressure required for the paste to flow through the meshes onto the substrate has to be adjusted carefully to the high yield stress necessary to provide good shape accuracy 3 6 9 17 18 . Particles are closely packed, interact strongly and form complex structures.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Challenges in Rheological Characterization of Highly Concentrated Suspensions — A Case Study for Screen-printing Silver Pastes

Yüce

Willenbacher

2017

JoVE

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A comprehensive rheological characterization of highly concentrated suspensions or pastes is mandatory for a targeted product development meeting the manifold requirements during processing and application of such complex fluids. In this investigation, measuring protocols for a conclusive assessment of different process relevant rheological parameters have been evaluated. This includes the determination of yield stress, viscosity, wall slip velocity, structural recovery after large deformation and elongation at break as well as tensile force during filament stretching.The importance of concomitant video recordings during parallel-plate rotational rheometry for a significant determination of rheological quantities is demonstrated. The deformation profile and flow field at the sample edge can be determined using appropriate markers. Thus, measurement parameter settings and plate roughness values can be identified for which yield stress and viscosity measurements are possible. Slip velocity can be measured directly and measuring conditions at which plug flow, shear banding or sample spillover occur can be identified clearly. Video recordings further confirm that the change in shear moduli observed during three stage oscillatory shear tests with small deformation amplitude in stage I and III but large oscillation amplitude in stage II can be directly attributed to structural break down and recovery. For the pastes investigated here, the degree of irreversible, shear-induced structural change increases with increasing deformation amplitude in stage II until a saturation is reached at deformations corresponding to the crossover of G' and G'', but the irreversible damage is independent of the duration of large amplitude shear. A capillary breakup elongational rheometer and a tensile tester have been used to characterize deformation and breakup behavior of highly filled pastes in uniaxial elongation. Significant differences were observed in all experiments described above for two commercial screen-printing silver pastes used for front side metallization of Si-solar cells.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Challenges in Rheological Characterization of Highly Concentrated Suspensions — A Case Study for Screen-printing Silver Pastes

Yüce

Willenbacher

2017

JoVE

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“…Parallel dispensing is such a technique, which has been under development for a while [52,53]. At the workshop, it was shown that, while linewidth is in the same range as what can be achieved by fine-line screen printing, aspect ratio and variability are markedly better for dispensed lines, provided that appropriately modified Ag pastes are used [54,55]. Progress on flexography, another common printing technique which is however not used in solar cell manufacturing, was also presented [56,57].…”

Section: Alternative Metallizationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Summary of the 5th Workshop on Metallization for Crystalline Silicon Solar Cells

Beaucarne¹,

Schubert

Hoornstra

2015

Energy Procedia

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The 5 th Metallization Workshop took place in Constance, Germany on 20 and 21 October 2014 and provided an overview of research and development in the field of solar cell metallization. Enhanced understanding of contact structure and formation was obtained thanks to new characterization techniques. Great progress in metallization technologies was also reported. Screen printing technology is continuing its trajectory of continuous improvement, notably with fine-line screen printing (linewidth < 50 μm) becoming a reality. Ni/Cu plating technology is also progressing fast, with many of the technical barriers to adoption being successfully removed. Finally, the workshop also highlighted the move towards a module-centric design of solar cell metallization, targeting high performance and low cost at module level.

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“…To estimate the value of Λ c e l l _ f for a particular solar cell, the effective width of its fingers, E W f i _ f [ % ], busbars, E W B B _ f [ % ], (or interconnectors ribbons, E W i r [ % ], when the solar cell is a within a solar module) should be considered. The effective width, E W [ % ], is defined as the percentage of light that is being blocked by the metallization grid and is dependent on its geometry . Figure (left image) shows a finger shape from which light can be reflected outside or towards the cell, so that 0 % < E W f i _ f < 100 % .…”

Section: Modelling and Estimation Of The Cell And Module Performancementioning

confidence: 99%

“…, is defined as the percentage of light that is being blocked by the metallization grid and is dependent on its geometry. 43,44 Figure 3 (left image) shows a finger shape from which light can be reflected outside or towards the cell, so that 0% < EW fi_f < 100%. The influence that the glass-air layer has on the EW fi_f at the module level is also presented in Figure 3 (right image).…”

Section: Direct Impact Contributionmentioning

confidence: 99%

PV‐GO: A multiobjective and robust optimization approach for the grid metallization design of Si‐based solar cells and modules

Rodríguez-Gallegos

Singh

Ali

et al. 2018

Progress in Photovoltaics

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This paper proposes a new optimization approach for the metallization design of solar cells and modules. While previous works have only optimized a maximum of two parameters at a time (which might lead to the loss of the optimal solution), we developed a graphic user interface tool in MATLAB called Photovoltaic Grid Optimizer (PV‐GO) which is able to optimize several parameters in parallel (fingers, busbars, silver pads, and ribbons) with the objectives to enhance the efficiency of the solar cell/module and to reduce the silver consumption. The fabrication cost is subsequently estimated. Two multiobjective optimization algorithms are used: Non‐dominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm II (NSGA‐II) and Multi‐objective Particle Swarm Optimization (MOPSO) as well as a robust condition to ensure that the results are not severely affected by slight changes on the input parameters. The solar cell/module performance is estimated based on the two‐diode model considering the influence of the optimization variables under standard test conditions (STC). To evaluate our methodology, we present the optimization design for industrial Cz‐Si–based p‐type Al‐BSF monofacial and PERT bifacial, full‐cell (15.6 × 15.6 cm2) and half‐cell (15.6 × 7.8 cm2), solar cells and modules. Our methodology provides an optimal design suitable for different market situations that should be considered by the PV manufactures to enhance their electrical performance and reduce their silver consumption, and ultimately improve their profitability.

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Dispensing Technology on the Route to an Industrial Metallization Process

Cited by 18 publications

References 6 publications

Challenges in Rheological Characterization of Highly Concentrated Suspensions — A Case Study for Screen-printing Silver Pastes

Challenges in Rheological Characterization of Highly Concentrated Suspensions — A Case Study for Screen-printing Silver Pastes

Summary of the 5th Workshop on Metallization for Crystalline Silicon Solar Cells

PV‐GO: A multiobjective and robust optimization approach for the grid metallization design of Si‐based solar cells and modules

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Dispensing Technology on the Route to an Industrial Metallization Process

Cited by 18 publications

References 6 publications

Challenges in Rheological Characterization of Highly Concentrated Suspensions &#8212; A Case Study for Screen-printing Silver Pastes

Challenges in Rheological Characterization of Highly Concentrated Suspensions &#8212; A Case Study for Screen-printing Silver Pastes

Summary of the 5th Workshop on Metallization for Crystalline Silicon Solar Cells

PV‐GO: A multiobjective and robust optimization approach for the grid metallization design of Si‐based solar cells and modules

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Product

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Challenges in Rheological Characterization of Highly Concentrated Suspensions — A Case Study for Screen-printing Silver Pastes

Challenges in Rheological Characterization of Highly Concentrated Suspensions — A Case Study for Screen-printing Silver Pastes