Disinfection Methods for Swimming Pool Water: Byproduct Formation and Control

Ilyas, Huma; Masih, Ilyas; Hoek, Jan Peter van der

doi:10.3390/w10060797

Cited by 29 publications

(18 citation statements)

References 61 publications

(260 reference statements)

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“…Similarly as in the case of measuring the pH of water, no significant differences were found between the redox values depending on the type of pool or water treatment system. From the experience of authors and literature data [9,13,20] it appears that maintaining high redox values, especially in open basins, requires supporting NaOCl disinfection with, for example, chlorine dioxide and/or ozone.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Therefore, the quality of the water in pools, and thus the health safety of swimmers, will be influenced by (apart from the effectiveness of treatment): the way of swimming pool operation, cooperation of the hydraulic system with the treatment and disinfection system, the number of swimmers and their intensity of swimming (pool load) [3,[8][9][10].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Research and evaluation of water quality in outdoor swimming pools

2019

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The article presents the assessment of the quality of water in outdoor pools, based on the results of bacteriological and physicochemical tests and their comparison with the admissible values in this respect. The analyzes were carried out during two bathing seasons, in 2017 and 2018. The quality of water from sports, recreational and children's pools was analyzed, as well as water introduced into the pools from the circulation systems. The decisive role in the assessment of pool water quality is played by the results of microbiological tests and the assessment of the sanitary condition of the facility. In pool water and circulatory water samples, the number of indicator microorganisms (CFU) did not exceed the limit values. The problem was the very high levels of chloroform (> 0.03 mg/L) and THM (> 0.1 mg/L), lower than the required redox values (750 mV) and nitrate content, increasing over the bathing season. Considering that the analyzed pools are seasonal and recreational outdoor pools, the observed excessive concentrations of DBP, with a short exposure, did not pose a direct threat to the health of bathers. However, they indicate the need to supervise the processes of water treatment and disinfection or their modernization.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Research and evaluation of water quality in outdoor swimming pools

2019

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“…The amount and type of DBP in swimming pool water depends on the treatment technology, the number of swimmers and the intensity of swimming, the pool's hydraulic system, the number of water exchanges during the day, swimming pool construction (capacity, water surface area) and the type of pollution introduced into the water together with the bathers [6][7][8][9][10]. Most DBPs are harmful to health [11][12][13].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Analysis of Free and Combined Chlorine Concentrations in Swimming Pool Water and an Attempt to Determine a Reliable Water Sampling Point

Wyczarska-Kokot

Lempart

Dudziak

2020

Water

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The analysis of free chlorine concentrations in swimming pool water makes it possible to assess the antiseptic effect of the disinfectant. The concentration of combined chlorine determines the comfort of swimming and indicates if there is a threat from DBP (disinfection by-products). The distribution of free and combined chlorine concentration was analyzed in four basins differing in seasonality of use and in the applied water flow systems. After considering the distribution of free and combined chlorine content in characteristic points of pools, an attempt was made to determine the most reliable point for assessing the quality of water and its suitability for swimming. Such searches should aim to identify the places with the worst water quality. The most uniform distribution of the concentrations of both free and combined chlorine was observed at the middle point of swimming pools, while at points near the corners and walls of swimming pools a varied distribution was observed. Such a control strategy, based on the least favorable test results at a point considered as characteristic, would make it possible to verify the parameters of the swimming pool water treatment system and thus minimize the risk to swimmers’ health.

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“…Although a variety of disinfectants have been used for swimming pools, the most commonly employed method is chlorination [8][9][10][11]. It is intended to prevent disinfection of recreational water, chemical disinfectant, which is very effective and relatively inexpensive.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effecting Partial Elimination of Isocyanuric Acid from Swimming Pool Water Systems

Bobadilla

González

Lostado-Lorza

et al. 2019

Water

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It is essential to disinfect the water in swimming pools in order to deactivate pathogenic microorganisms. Chlorination of swimming pool water provides rapid and long-lasting disinfection, but leads to the formation of potentially toxic compounds, including isocyanuric acid, that are used to stabilize chlorine in pool water. Hygiene and health guidelines require an isocyanuric acid concentration in swimming pools of 25 to 75 ppm and that there be no level in excess of 100 ppm. This paper provides a new method to partially remove isocyanuric acid from the water of swimming pool systems with the use of melamine-based reagents. A melamine-photometry process stabilizes the isocyanuric acid. The melamine-based reagent that is added to the raw water reacts with the isocyanuric acid and forms a precipitated salt. The reaction also creates turbidity that is proportional to the isocyanuric acid concentration in the water. It was noted in this study that the optimum functioning range of melamine doses in the raw water was 0.04 to 0.06 g/L and that the reduction of isocyanuric acid in raw water increased as the dose of melamine was increased. Thus, it is necessary to obtain an estimate of the dose of melamine that is necessary to reduce the isocyanuric acid in the water without needing to add fresh water from the network to dilute it. Finally, it can be stated that eliminating isocyanuric acid that has accumulated in a pool’s water by treatment with melamine provides an efficient process, as it eliminates the amount of isocyanuric acid that is necessary to conform to the human health criteria of the European Union Directive 2006/7/EC. Treatment with melamine also reduces water network consumption and sewer discharge by successive purges that eventually will become unnecessary. Therefore, this proposed method is environmentally and economically beneficial.

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Disinfection Methods for Swimming Pool Water: Byproduct Formation and Control

Cited by 29 publications

References 61 publications

Research and evaluation of water quality in outdoor swimming pools

Research and evaluation of water quality in outdoor swimming pools

Analysis of Free and Combined Chlorine Concentrations in Swimming Pool Water and an Attempt to Determine a Reliable Water Sampling Point

Effecting Partial Elimination of Isocyanuric Acid from Swimming Pool Water Systems

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