Analysis of Free and Combined Chlorine Concentrations in Swimming Pool Water and an Attempt to Determine a Reliable Water Sampling Point

Wyczarska-Kokot, Joanna; Lempart, Anna; Dudziak, Mariusz

doi:10.3390/w12020311

Cited by 10 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 26 publications

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“…Moreover, swimming develops motor competence (MC) of healthy children [ 9 , 10 ]. On the contrary, if the water fails to meet water quality standards, exposure to disinfection byproducts in indoor swimming pool water may indicate numerous health problems (e.g., cough, eye irritation, and rash) [ 11 , 12 ]. Otherwise, the air inhaled above the surface of the water is clean and rich in oxygen.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Anthropometric and Motor Competence Classifiers of Swimming Ability in Preschool Children—A Pilot Study

Gllareva

Trajković

Mačak

et al. 2020

IJERPH

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Swimming is a form of physical activity and a life-saving skill. However, only a few studies have identified swimming ability classifiers in preschool children. This pilot cross-sectional study aimed to find anthropometric (AM) and motor competence (MC) predictors of swimming ability in preschool children, by building classifiers of swimming ability group (SAG) membership. We recruited 92 children (girls n = 45) aged 5–6 years and took the AM and MC measurements in accordance with the reference manual and using the KTK battery test (motor quotient, MQ), respectively. A linear discriminant analysis tested a classification model of preschoolers’ swimming ability (SAG: POOR, GOOD, EXCELLENT) based on gender, age, AM, and MC variables and extracted one significant canonical discriminant function (model fit: 61.2%) that can differentiate (group centroids) POOR (−1.507), GOOD (0.032), and EXCELLENT (1.524). The MQ total was identified as a significant classifier, which absolutely contributed to the discriminant function that classifies children’s swimming ability as POOR (standardized canonical coefficient: 1.186), GOOD (1.363), or EXCELLENT (1.535) with an accuracy of 64.1%. Children with higher MQ total ought to be classified into higher SAG; thus, the classification model of SAG based on the MQ total is presented.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Anthropometric and Motor Competence Classifiers of Swimming Ability in Preschool Children—A Pilot Study

Gllareva

Trajković

Mačak

et al. 2020

IJERPH

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show abstract

“…Additionally, this measure reduces air humidity, reducing the need for dehumidifying procedures and water reposition, which results in lower water and energy consumption levels. Efficiency measures affecting the filter flow rates, preventing good water mixing by creating zones in which water cannot circulate, should be avoided because of users' health and safety [11,40].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Improving Water Efficiency in a Municipal Indoor Swimming-Pool Complex: A Case Study

et al. 2021

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This study aimed to determine the water demand of a municipal swimming pool complex to propose water use efficiency measures. Concomitantly, the possibility of recycling and reusing the water from filter backwashing was evaluated. The pools consumed 25.6% of water, the filter backwashing 24.5%, and the showers 34.7%. Despite the current impossibility of reducing water consumption in pools and filter backwashing, it is feasible to promote more efficient use of water through reducing water consumption by adopting simple water-saving initiatives for showers, taps, and flushing cisterns. These were organized into three distinct scenarios: (a) flushing cistern volume adjustment and the replacement of washbasin and kitchen taps; (b) flushing cistern volume adjustment and shower replacement and (c) flushing cistern volume adjustment, shower, washbasin, and kitchen taps replacement. Under scenarios 1, 2, and 3, the water consumption reduction was 8.0, 13.2, and 20.4%, respectively. The initial investment for scenario 1 was €2290.5, €859.0 for scenario 2 and €3149.5 for scenario 3; the annual water bill reduction was €7115.4, €11,518.1, and €17,655.9, respectively. Therefore, the turnover of the investment was four (scenario 1), one (scenario 2), and three months (scenario 3). The filter washings attained the required standard for irrigation after being subjected to 15 h of sedimentation.

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“…Samples were taken from a depth of about 30 cm below the water surface. The authors, guided by the experiments from previous studies, took samples at several characteristic basin points and used a mixed sample for analysis (Wyczarska-Kokot et al 2020). The samples were collected and marked in accordance with applicable standards and methods (Down and Lehr 2005;Kaul 2007;Harvey et al 2013;Schmitz 2016).…”

Section: Quality Controlmentioning

confidence: 99%

Impact of swimming pool water treatment system factors on the content of selected disinfection by-products

Wyczarska-Kokot

Lempart

Dudziak

et al. 2020

Environ Monit Assess

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Recommendations regarding disinfection by-products (DBPs) in pool waters consider the content of trihalomethanes (THMs) and combined chlorine (CC) as indicators of DBPs based on which the health risk for swimmers and staff of pool facility can be determined. However, the content of DBPs in swimming pools depends on many factors. In this paper, the influence of selected factors (physicochemical parameters of water and technological parameters) on the content of THMs and CC in pool water was determined. During the 6-month period, 9 pools of various functions were analyzed. The water in pools was subjected to the same method of treatment. The content of THMs and CC was compared against the content of organic matter, free chlorine and nitrates, pH, temperature, redox potential and turbidity, technological, and operational parameters. The THM content did not exceed the limit value of 0.1 mg/L. The content of CC varied significantly, from 0.05 to 1.13 mg Cl2/L. It was found that a very large water volume per person, in comparison to a very small one, contributed to the low content of CC and THMs. The high load expressed as m3 of water per person or m2 of water per person and the specific function of hot tubs (HT1 and HT2) led to the average concentration of CC in these pools exceeding 0.3 mg Cl2/L. The THM concentrations in hot tubs (especially in HT1) were also among the largest (0.038–0.058 mg/L). In terms of the analyzed microbiological indicators, the quality of the tested pool water samples was not in doubt. It was found that the purpose of the pool, its volume, and number of swimmers should be the key parameters that determine the choice of methods of water treatment. The research on the pool water quality in the actual working conditions of swimming pool facilities is necessary due to the need to preserve the health safety of swimmers and staff.

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Analysis of Free and Combined Chlorine Concentrations in Swimming Pool Water and an Attempt to Determine a Reliable Water Sampling Point

Cited by 10 publications

References 26 publications

Anthropometric and Motor Competence Classifiers of Swimming Ability in Preschool Children—A Pilot Study

Anthropometric and Motor Competence Classifiers of Swimming Ability in Preschool Children—A Pilot Study

Improving Water Efficiency in a Municipal Indoor Swimming-Pool Complex: A Case Study

Impact of swimming pool water treatment system factors on the content of selected disinfection by-products

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