“…Turning to depressive symptoms, empirical support has been mixed. Some studies have supported adjustment erosion but not academic incompetence effects (Hishinuma et al., ), but other studies have found evidence for both (Verboom, Sijtsema, Verhulst, Penninx, & Ormel, , only in females; Weidman, Augustine, Murayama, & Elliot, ), and still others have shown neither effect (Chen & Li, ; Defoe, Farrington, & Loeber, ; Verboom et al., , only in males). Regarding depression and the academic incompetence effect, the interpretation is that poor academic achievement leads to negative feedback from teachers, peers, and parents, which reduces children's self‐worth that in turn triggers depressive symptoms (Verboom et al., ).…”