Diseases Related to Types of Free Radicals

Abstract

The free radicals are reactive molecules with electron-rich groups produced during metabolic reactions occurring in the cells. These free radicals are collectively known as reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS). Lipid peroxidation products and protein carbonyls species are under the group of ROS, and nitric oxide and peroxynitrites are under the group of RNS. The malondialdehyde that reacts with LDL-C indirectly induced the risk of atherosclerosis. The protein carbonyls acts as marker of protein oxidation and exerts damage to proteins. The nitric oxide plays an important role in DNA damage, inflammation, proliferation of cancer cells, and dysfunction of apoptosis. The peroxynitrites could induce the process of lipid peroxidation, DNA damage, and may exert chronic damage to all biomolecules. The aim of the present study is that the free radicals may react with biomolecules of the cells and play an important role in the development of chronic disease conditions in the humans.

Hydrogen Peroxide Effects on Natural-Sourced Polysacchrides: Free Radical Formation/Production, Degradation Process, and Reaction Mechanism—A Critical Synopsis

“…As a member of ROS, its reactivity targets proteins, lipids, and DNA alteration or damage, which brings about oxidative stress [ 47 , 48 , 49 ]. H 2 O 2 , as a crucial second messenger in normal cellular signalling [ 11 ], has had its overproduction associated with various life-threatening diseases [ 2 , 6 , 11 , 20 ] since it is considered cytotoxic [ 1 , 20 ]. Besides being the simplest form of peroxide [ 5 ] having two oxygen atoms covalently bonded (single bond), it is endogenously produced in diverse cellular aspects of tissues or organs (peroxisomes, endoplasmic reticulum, and mitochondria) at high levels of oxygen utilisation [ 7 ].…”

“…As a non-enzymatic product, the generation of superoxide anion (O 2 •− ) increases with an increase in metabolic rate, which causes cellular components destruction. Consequently, low amounts of superoxide anion (O 2 •− ) are maintained in the cells with the aid of a metalloprotein enzyme [ 2 ] called superoxide dismutase (SOD), which catabolizes superoxide anion (O 2 •− ) to H 2 O 2 and subsequently catabolized (detoxified) by the enzyme catalase (metalloenzyme) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) [ 7 ] to water and oxygen.…”

“…•− ) are maintained in the cells with the aid of a metalloprotein enzyme [2] called superoxide dismutase (SOD), which catabolizes superoxide anion (O 2…”

“…Free radicals are a group of reactive atoms, molecules, and compounds with electron-rich sites produced as a result of metabolic reactions during cellular respiration [ 1 , 2 ]. In biological/food systems, free radical reactions are predominantly present and play a key role in biochemical pathways [ 1 ].…”

Phenolic and Antioxidant Activity of Banggai Sweet Potato Ethanol Extract (Dioscorea)

“…One negative impact is arising from various types of chronic diseases due to diet, such as cancer, coronary heart disease, hypertension which leads to stroke, premature aging and disruption of the immune system (Schulze et al, 2018). The results of the study stated that the emergence of chronic diseases was triggered by the presence of free radicals (Maddu, 2019). The activity of free radical molecules can cause oxidative stress which causes various diseases.…”