Hydrogen Peroxide Effects on Natural-Sourced Polysacchrides: Free Radical Formation/Production, Degradation Process, and Reaction Mechanism—A Critical Synopsis

et al. 2021

PeerJ

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Rubber (Hevea brasiliensis) is a perennial plant crop grown in many parts of Africa, South East Asia, and South America, especially within the hot and humid climatic regions. Rubber seed, either as feed or food, is a useful raw material to produce edible oil and protein. Despite the huge quantity of rubber seeds produced in Nigeria and its potential as a protein source, rubber seeds still appear neglected and under-utilised as feed/food given its perception as inedible and toxic due to the high concentration of cyanogenic glycoside. Therefore, the quest for effective processing technique(s) that would enhance its food use application is very fitting. This current study was directed to determine the changes in anti-nutrient, phytochemical, and micronutrient contents of different processed rubber seed meals. Specifically, the rubber seeds underwent processing, which employed boiling and the combined action of boiling and fermentation methods that brought about three seed meal flour groups, i.e., raw (RRSM), boiled (BRSM), and fermented (FRSM) seed meals. These were subsequently analysed for anti-nutrient/phytochemical (oxalate, phytate, tannin, phenols, saponin, hydrogen cyanide (HCN), alkaloids, flavonoids, and trypsin inhibitors), and micronutrient (which involved minerals (magnesium, phosphorus, calcium, iron, zinc, potassium, sodium, manganese, lead, and selenium) and vitamin (vitamin B1, B2, B3, C, E, and beta carotene)) contents. The results showed that the processing methods used to achieve the RRSM, BRSM, and FRSM, reduced the anti-nutrients (phytate, tannin, and oxalate) below the acceptable limits, and the HCN below the toxic levels. Importantly, the processing methods herein have not yet succeeded in removing HCN in the (processed) rubber seed meals, but can be seen to be heading toward the right direction. The FRSM obtained significantly lower (p < 0.05) anti-nutrient/phytochemical, but significantly higher (p < 0.05) mineral contents, compared with the other groups (RRSM and BRSM), except for flavonoids that obtained a 30% increase over the BRSM. Some mineral and vitamin contents could be lost in the BRSM compared to the others (RRSM and FRSM) in this study. Additionally, the FRSM obtained higher vitamin contents, after those of RRSM. Overall, the combined action of boiling and fermentation should be recommended for the proper utilisation of rubber seed as food/feed.

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Changes in anti-nutrient, phytochemical, and micronutrient contents of different processed rubber (Hevea brasiliensis) seed meals

Agbai

Olawuni

et al. 2021

PeerJ

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“…The implication of oxidative stress in a variety of chronic or neurodegenerative diseases cannot be overemphasized ( Ilkhani, Hosseini & Saedisomeolia, 2016 ; Ofoedu et al, 2021 ). As a neglected potential antioxidant micronutrient, the active form (NAD/NADP) or reduced form (NADH/NADPH) of niacin have been associated with antioxidant properties via glutathione redox cycle, which tends to combat oxidative stress, specifically, lipid peroxidation and reperfusion oxidative injury ( Ilkhani, Hosseini & Saedisomeolia, 2016 ; Fricker et al, 2018 ; Gasperi et al, 2019 ).…”

Section: Discussion Of Literature Synthesismentioning

confidence: 99%

“…On the other hand, the synergistic action of vitamins and minerals in the protection of organism at the cellular level has been recorded for vitamin E, C, carotenoid and selenium, as well as other important trace elements as an antioxidant component in diets. Specifically, these indispensable antioxidant vitamins and selenium, interact to protect tissues from free-radical degradation by quenching active (singlet) oxygen species, sequestering elements by chelation, and scavenging reactive oxygen species ( DeLaval, 2007 ; McDowell et al, 2007 ; Ofoedu et al, 2021 ).…”

Section: Discussion Of Literature Synthesismentioning

confidence: 99%

Revisiting food-sourced vitamins for consumer diet and health needs: a perspective review, from vitamin classification, metabolic functions, absorption, utilization, to balancing nutritional requirements

Iwouno

et al. 2021

PeerJ

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The significant attention gained by food-sourced vitamins has provided insights into numerous current researches; for instance, the potential reversal of epigenetic age using a diet and lifestyle intervention, the balance between food and dietary supplements in the general population, the role of diet and food intake in age-related macular degeneration, and the association of dietary supplement use, nutrient intake and mortality among adults. As relevant literature about food-sourced vitamin increases, continuous synthesis is warranted. To supplement existing information, this perspective review discussed food-sourced vitamins for consumer diet and health needs, scoping from vitamin absorption, metabolic functions, utilization, to balancing nutritional requirements. Relevant literatures were identified through a search of databases like Google Scholar, Web of Science, the Interscience Online Library, ScienceDirect, and PubMed. We demonstrated that vitamins whether from plant- and animal-based sources are prerequisites for the metabolic functions of the human body. The fat- and water-soluble classification of vitamins remains consistent with their respective absorption and dissolution potentials, underpinned by numerous physiological functions. Vitamins, largely absorbed in the small intestine, have their bioavailability dependent on the food composition, its associated interactions, as well as alignment with their metabolic functions, which involves antioxidants, coenzymes, electron acceptor/donor, and hormones. Moreover, vitamin deficiencies, in every form, pose a serious threat to human health. Vitamin toxicities remain rare, but can still occur mainly from supplementation, although it appears much less in water-soluble vitamins of which some excesses get readily removed by the human body, different from the fat-soluble ones that are stored in tissues and organs. Besides discussions of absorption, transport, and cellular uptake of vitamins, this perspective review also included approaches to meeting vitamin requirements and therapeutic strategies against micronutrient deficiency and COVID-19. We have also attempted on how to strike the balance between food-sourced vitamins and dietary supplements.

J. Food Process. Preserv.

“…It is widely accepted that there are two mechanisms of reducing hydroxyl radicals in polysaccharides. One is removing hydroxyl radicals by hydrogen electron transfer or single electron transfer, the other is the formation of free radicals which were inhibited by chelation transition metal ions (Ofoedu et al, 2021). WPEP and DWPEP function mainly through the primary mechanism.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Polysaccharides isolated from P. edulis peel can also effectively regulate blood glucose and lipid levels, regulate intestinal short chain fatty acids content and GLP-1R, and promote insulin secretion (da Silva et al, 2014). However, in recent years, some studies have demonstrated that the Mw of polysaccharides will limit their biological activities (Ma et al, 2018;Ofoedu et al, 2021;Zhang et al, 2014). But this seems to be improved by Vc-H 2 O 2 degradation.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Degradation by Vc‐H ₂ O ₂ , characterization and antioxidant activity of polysaccharides from Passiflora edulis peel

Zhang

et al. 2021

Passion fruit peel is a by-product of fruit processing, accounting for about 50% of the fruit weight. Each 100 g of fresh passion fruit peel contains 87.64 g of moisture and 6.78 g of carbohydrates (Corrêa et al., 2016). These carbohydrates have multiple biological activities.Long-term intake of Passiflora edulis peel flour can improve serum and tissue antioxidant status and regulation of oxidative stress and cecal microbiota. Pectin from P. edulis has an anti-inflammatory effect, can reduce limb edema, and inhibit the release of myeloperoxidase (Silva et al., 2011). Water extracts from P. edulis peel and its derivatives can inhibit the inflammation induced by carrageenan, histamine, and substance P, and produce various proinflammatory cytokines, mediators, and enzymes in the inflammatory site (Benincá et al., 2007). Hot water extracted polysaccharides from P. edulis peel showed an anti-tumor effect in vivo without toxicity (Silva et al., 2012). Polysaccharides isolated from P. edulis peel can also effectively regulate blood glucose and lipid levels, regulate intestinal short chain fatty acids content and GLP-1R, and promote insulin secretion (da Silva et al., 2014). However, in recent years, some studies have demonstrated that the Mw of polysaccharides will limit their biological activities (Ma et al., 2018;Ofoedu et al., 2021;Zhang et al., 2014). But this seems to be improved by Vc-H 2 O 2 degradation. Therefore, it is of great significance to study the degradation of P. edulis peel polysaccharides for its development and utilization.Based on nutrition and health awareness, people are more interested in natural organic food, additives, and drugs. Natural polysaccharide has the advantages of low toxicity and little side effects, which make it more suitable for the development and utilization of food, pharmaceuticals, and other fields. The natural polysaccharide