“…Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) have been extensively applied in biosensors because of their unique optical, catalytic, chemical and electronical properties, and these properties can be modulated by changing the shape, size, surface modification or aggregation state of AuNPs (Daniel and Astruc, 2004 ; Zhang et al, 2020 ). AuNPs are usually used to combine with DNA (Lu et al, 2013b ; Sun et al, 2015 ), fluorophores (You et al, 2007 ; Bajaj et al, 2009 ; Rana et al, 2012 ), enzymes (Miranda et al, 2010 ), or surfactants (Rogowski et al, 2016 ; Xi et al, 2018 ) to construct non-specific protein sensor arrays.…”