“…Current research reports acknowledge a need to focus on gendered differences in care provision and to design research that addresses the variable of gender in relation to caregiver outcomes (Campbell & MartinMatthews, 2003;Hooker et al, 2000;Houde, 2002;Hunt, 2003;Weitz & Estes, 2001). While more work is needed, recent studies of male and female caregivers suggest females experience more burden and distress than males (Hagedoorn, Sanderman, Buunk, & Wobbes, 2002;Hepburn et al, 2002;Ingersoll-Dayton & Raschick, 2004;Matthews, Dunbar-Jacob, Sereika, Schultz, & McDowell, 2004). Females also have been shown to suffer from poorer emotional and physical health as indexed by caregiving outcomes of anger, anxiety, sadness, depression, fear, uncertainty, general well-being, loneliness, isolation, blood-pressure reactivity and increased cortisol levels (Atienza, Henderson, Wilcox, & King, 2001;Davis et al, 2004;Haley, LaMonde, Han, Burton, & Schonwetter, 2003;Langer, 2003;Matthews, 2003;Navaie-Waliser, Spriggs, & Feldman, 2002;Rudd, Finey, & Preston, 1999;Yee & Schulz, 2000).…”