Gender identity is a powerful aspect of self that shapes values, attitudes, and conduct. Family caregivers, particularly women, tend to forgo institutionalization of care recipients even when care demands are overwhelming. The reluctance of women to relinquish care raises questions about the relationship between gender identity and the bearing of burden. To illuminate the relationship between gender and burden, 36 adult women caring for highly dependent adults were asked to describe the nature of "self"; that is, how they characterized themselves as a person. Results were tabulated and critically examined in relation to stereotypical gender traits, as well as social and political processes that create gender dichotomies. Overall, self-characterizations indicated caregivers had internalized stereotypical female gender traits that support and facilitate the enduring of burden.
Concept clarification is centrally important to theory development. While often understood as a formula-driven task, concept clarification is really a process that engages critical thinking. Clarification creates multiple meanings through: (1) formulating purposes, (2) choosing, examining, and integrating data sources, and (3) representing a final conceptualization that can also be examined for adequacy. Within each of these processes, critical thinking is engaged as: (1) assumptions are identified and challenged, (2) the importance of context in creating meaning is revealed, (3) alternative interpretations are imagined and explored, and (4) reflective skepticism is cultivated. The central challenge in concept clarification is to understand how words create things.
A language that characterizes the work of informal caregivers as burdensome dominates the academic literature on dementia caregiving. Informal caregiving is a socially important activity of significant economic benefit that is both gendered female and primarily carried out by women. Words collocated with caregiving and caregivers were extracted from a sub-set of recent professional journal articles on dementia caregiving. Collocations were numerically described and grouped into three categories: (1) recipient (or what caregivers receive as a result of caregiving), (2) generative (what caregivers do or generate as a result of caregiving), and (3) demographic (the general context of caregivers and caregiving). Collocations in the recipient category were most numerous followed by demographic and generative collocations. Overall collocations suggested dementia caregiver/caregiving passivity in the context of an unrewarding, burdensome experience. Questions raised in relation to findings focus on whether the view of caregiving revealed may further inscribe oppressive practices related to disabilities, age, and gender roles.
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