Dirofilaria repens microfilariae in Aedes vexans mosquitoes in Slovakia

Bocková, Eva; Rudolf, Ivo; Kočišová, Alica; Betášová, Lenka; Venclíková, Kristýna; Mendel, Jan; Hubálek, Zdeněk

doi:10.1007/s00436-013-3526-9

Cited by 44 publications

(29 citation statements)

References 19 publications

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“…)/ torrentium D. repens and D. immitis Italy [49], Serbia [39]Belarus [16], Italy [40, 46, 49, 58], Serbia [39], Turkey [50], Germany [53], Portugal [41], Hungary [63], Spain [42] Anopheles maculipennis ( s.l . ) D. repens and D. immitis Germany [53, 60], Austria [61], Hungary [38]Italy [40], Portugal [41] Aedes vexans D. repens Czech Republic [62], Germany [60], Hungary [38], Serbia [39], Slovakia [43, 44]Italy [58], Turkey [50] Culex modestus D. repens Hungary [38]Hungary [63] Aedes annulipes D. repens Hungary [38]– Culiseta annulata D. repens Germany [60]– Aedes caspius D. repens –Italy [58], Hungary [63], Portugal [41], Serbia [39] Aedes sticticus D. repens Hungary [38], Serbia [39] Coquillettidia richiardii D. repens Hungary [38]Serbia [39], Italy [40] …”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Circulation of Dirofilaria repens and Dirofilaria immitis in Moldova

et al. 2016

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BackgroundOver the last two decades, a significant spread of dirofilariasis has been observed in eastern and central Europe. However, data on the circulation of Dirofilaria spp. in Moldova were absent although direct neighbor states reported high incidence rates of human dirofilariasis.MethodsDaily mean temperature data were used to calculate Dirofilaria spp. development units, which were used to estimate the potential for complete extrinsic development in the mosquitoes (= sum of potential Dirofilaria spp. transmission days). In addition, 4,481 adult female mosquitoes were collected from 25 trapping sites. From 2010 to 2015, sampling was conducted with Centers for Disease Control miniature light traps, indoor resting mosquito collections as well as human landing catches in urban, rural and natural areas. Mosquitoes were analyzed for the presence of D. repens and D. immitis DNA using a duplex real-time PCR assay targeting nucleotide differences within the cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (D. repens) and 16S rRNA gene fragment (D. immitis).ResultsThe average of the yearly sum of potential Dirofilaria spp. transmission days between 2010 and 2015 ranged from 90 to 140 days with an increasing gradient from the North to the South of Moldova. Positive mosquito pools for D. repens were found countrywide at 13 of the 25 trapping sites and in 17 of the 22 screened mosquito taxa (26.51% of all 347 tested pools), while D. immitis was detected only at 4 of the trapping sites (Center and South) in 4 different mosquito species (8.65% of all 347 tested pools). Highest infection rates (EIR) per 100 specimens for both Dirofilaria species were found in An. maculipennis (s.l.) (D. repens: EIR = 4.91; D. immitis: EIR = 2.01), whereas the most frequent mosquito taxon Cx. pipiens (s.l.)/torrentium had significantly lower infections rates (D. repens: EIR = 0.88; D. immitis: EIR = 0.47).ConclusionsThe temperature conditions in Moldova are suitable for transmission of Dirofilaria spp. within the entire country, which is supported by a wide distribution of Dirofilaria spp.-positive mosquitoes with high infection rates. The low number of reported human cases most likely does not reflect the current epidemiological situation of dirofilariasis in Moldova.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13071-016-1916-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Circulation of Dirofilaria repens and Dirofilaria immitis in Moldova

et al. 2016

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“…Consequently, study of Miterpáková et al (2008) in dogs confirmed the existence of highly endemic localities in southern parts of the country with mean prevalence rate of 34.5 %. In south-eastern part of Slovakia the positivity of Aedes vexans mosquitoes, D. repens intermediate hosts, was observed by Bocková et al (2013). Autochthonous cases of human dirofilariosis were also recorded (Hrčková et al 2013;Ondriska et al 2014).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 93%

Case of human Dirofilaria repens infection manifested by cutaneous larva migrans syndrome

2015

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Dirofilaria repens, parasite of subcutaneous tissues of dogs and other carnivores, represents high infection risk for animals and humans in Europe. In men, infection usually presents as nodule in subcutaneous tissues or, less often, the lesions are localised around the eyes. The work presents first confirmed clinical case of human D. repens infection connected with cutaneous larva migrans syndrome. In patient, the migration of the worm caused true signs of creeping eruption, elevated sinuous track under the skin. It was connected with severe pain, burning and erythema of adjacent skin. Symptoms appeared at least three times, approximately once a month, always in the evening or night and lasted from several minutes to several days. In December 2014, during the scratching of residual pruritic lesion, patient removed 6-cm long, whitish worm from the wound. Morphological features (longitudinal ridges) and PCR amplification of cytochrome oxidase subunit 1 (CO1) confirmed Dirofilaria repens as etiological agent of infection. Herein, presented case confirmed that D. repens infection in humans can be associated with real creeping eruption, clinical sign of cutaneous larva migrans and should be included in its differential diagnosis.

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“…Taking into account the long flying distance (migrations of up to 15 km), this species becomes suitable for local transmission and the spread of zoonotic dirofilariosis into new endemic foci. Outside the traditional Mediterranean distribution area, dirofilarial worms have also recently been described in mosquitoes from Slovakia (Bocková et al 2013), Austria (Silbermayr et al 2014) and Germany (Czaijka et al 2014;Kronefeld et al 2014), the more so as in two of the four cases (Bocková et al 2013;Czajka et al 2014) Ae. vexans was involved.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 97%

Zoonotic Dirofilaria repens (Nematoda: Filarioidea) in Aedes vexans mosquitoes, Czech Republic

et al. 2014

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The surveillance of vectors for arthropod-borne pathogens is nowadays an important tool in surveillance programmes throughout Europe. Whereas many studies have been performed to screen arthropods for viruses or bacterial pathogens, only limited information is available concerning the geographical distribution and vector range of pathogenic filariae in Central Europe. To consider the prevalence of filarial parasites in mosquito vectors, we performed a molecular survey of mosquitoes for filarial DNA. Mosquito collection was conducted at six study sites in the South Moravian region (Czech Republic) close to the borders with Slovakia and Austria from 2009 to 2011. Molecular screening of mosquitoes was conducted using conventional PCR with primers designed to amplify the mitochondrial cytochromoxidase subunit I gene as well as the partial 5.8S ribosomal RNA gene. A total of 13,222 mosquitoes belonging to six species were captured and distributed into 237 pools with different numbers of individuals. Overall, four pools were positive for Dirofilaria repens (a minimum infection rate 0.03%) at two study sites (both natural and urban). Another filarial parasite detected during a study into Aedes vexans mosquitoes revealed the closest homology to Setaria spp. We detected specific D. repens DNA in Ae. vexans mosquitoes for the first time in the Czech Republic and confirmed the circulation of Dirofilaria spp. in a natural focus of infection providing an epidemiological link between autochthonous canine cases and mosquito vectors in the area studied.

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Dirofilaria repens microfilariae in Aedes vexans mosquitoes in Slovakia

Cited by 44 publications

References 19 publications

Circulation of Dirofilaria repens and Dirofilaria immitis in Moldova

Circulation of Dirofilaria repens and Dirofilaria immitis in Moldova

Case of human Dirofilaria repens infection manifested by cutaneous larva migrans syndrome

Zoonotic Dirofilaria repens (Nematoda: Filarioidea) in Aedes vexans mosquitoes, Czech Republic

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