Digitally enhanced thin layer chromatography for simultaneous determination of norfloxacin and tinidazole with the aid of Taguchi orthogonal array and desirability function approach: Greenness assessment by analytical Eco‐Scale

Abstract

In this study, an eco‐friendly fast simple method was developed for simultaneous determination of norfloxacin and tinidazole based on thin‐layer chromatography and image‐processing analysis. The binary mixture was separated using reversed phase ‐ thin layer chromatography plates and 30% trifluoroacetic acid only as mobile phase. Mobile phase composition was optimized using Taguchi orthogonal array and Derringer's desirability function. The plates were viewed under UV lamp and photographed by iPhone camera followed by image processing with Fiji software using integrated density as the measured response. As decreasing illumination increases the sensitivity of the method, this method was applied on two different ranges for each drug. The first one was 0.6–6.0 and 0.9–9.0 µg/spot for norfloxacin and tinidazole, respectively measured on the original image with normal illumination. The second one was measured after decreasing the illumination of the captured images at 0.06–0.60 and 0.09–0.90 µg/spot for norfloxacin and tinidazole, respectively. The proposed method was successfully applied for the determination of both drugs in tablets dosage form without interference from the commonly encountered excipients. Analytical Eco‐Scale was used to evaluate the greenness profile of the proposed method and it was found to be excellent green analytical method.

Determination of Delafloxacin in Pharmaceutical Formulations Using a Green RP-HPTLC and NP-HPTLC Methods: A Comparative Study

“…In addition, the environmental effects of analytical and bioanalytical procedures have been either neglected or little attention has been paid towards such analysis [16,17]. In recent years, mentions in the literature of analytical and bioanalytical procedures related with "green analytical chemistry or environmentally-benign analytical methods' have increased significantly [18][19][20][21][22]. In spite of their various beneficial characteristics, including "non-toxicity, non-volatility, non-inflammability, non-aggressiveness, high biodegradability and cost effectiveness", the full potential of green solvents had not been utilized fully as the mobile phase for HPTLC estimation of drugs/pharmaceuticals [23][24][25].…”

A Sustainable Reversed-Phase HPTLC Method for the Quantitative Estimation of Hesperidin in Traditional and Ultrasound-Assisted Extracts of Different Varieties of Citrus Fruit Peels and Commercial Tablets

“…Various metric approaches are used for the greenness assessment of the analytical techniques [32][33][34][35][36][37]. Nevertheless, only AGREE metric approach uses all 12 principles of The content (% w w −1 ) of HSP in TE and UBE of four different varieties of citrus fruit peels and two different tablet dosage forms was obtained from the calibration plot of HSP and resulting data are shown in Table 6.…”

“…In addition, the sustainable RP-HPTLC assay has not yet utilized for the quantitative analysis of HSP in its different varieties of citrus fruit peels and its commercial formulations. Sustainable HPTLC assays offer various advantages over HPLC and other analytical assays [30][31][32][33]. Therefore, the sustainable RP-HPTLC assay for the quantitative analysis of HSP was chosen in this research.…”

“…Therefore, the sustainable RP-HPTLC assay for the quantitative analysis of HSP was chosen in this research. Various metric approaches have been documented for the greenness assessment of the analytical methods [32][33][34][35][36][37]. However, only "analytical GREEnness (AGREE)" metric approach utilizes all 12 different principles of the "green analytical chemistry (GAC)" for this purpose [36].…”

Combining Normal/Reversed-Phase HPTLC with Univariate Calibration for the Piperine Quantification with Traditional and Ultrasound-Assisted Extracts of Various Food Spices of Piper nigrum L. under Green Analytical Chemistry Viewpoint

“…Different metric approaches have been reported for the greenness assessment of the analytical assays such as National Environmental Methods Index (NEMI), Analytical Eco-Scale (AES), Green Analytical Procedures Index (GAPI), Red-Green-Blue (RGB), and AGREE metric approaches [43][44][45][46][47]. The NEMI, AES, GAPI, and RGB utilizes the limited number of GAC principles [45][46][47]. However, the newly established metric approach, AGREE, utilizes all 12 principles of GAC for the greenness assessment [47].…”