Digital radiography using an EBCCD-based imaging device

Photon Counting Imaging with an Electron-Bombarded Pixel Image Sensor

“…The first commercially available EBCCD was made by Hamamatsu in 2000, and offered 1024 × 2014 pixels, operating voltage of 6–8 kV and a 3 Hz maximum frame rate [ 36 ]. Other EBCCD developments have reported frame rates up to 200 Hz [ 37 ], and maximum acceleration voltages of 14 kV and 15 kV [ 18 , 38 , 39 ]. Intensified EBCCDs, comprising a MCP between the photocathode and the CCD, have also been developed [ 40 ].…”

“…EB-sensors could also find applications in clinical use. In X-ray digital radiography and computed tomography, the low light level imaging capability of an EBCCD allows the reduction of the irradiation dose to the patient [ 18 , 19 ]. EBCCDs have also been evaluated for visualising stimulated functional brain areas during surgery [ 16 ].…”

“…Single photon detection is also possible with electron-bombarded (EB) sensors, where a photocathode is placed in front of the sensor, and a single photoelectron is accelerated through a high voltage directly into a solid state sensor. EB sensors are conceptually similar to old silicon intensified target television cameras, and have found applications in microscopy [ 12 , 13 ] and biological low-light imaging [ 14 , 15 , 16 ], optical spectroscopy [ 17 ] and radiography [ 18 , 19 ]. The advantages of EB sensors over intensified camera systems include reduced sensor size and weight, increased sensitivity and dynamic range, faster response time, and better contrast and resolution.…”

2D and 3D non-destructive evaluation of a wooden panel painting using shearography and terahertz imaging

“…Optical coherence tomography [7] is able to measure the thickness of paint and other semi-transparent layers at tens of micrometer resolution. The X-ray radiography [8] gives a non-invasive measurement of the internal structure of art objects and X-ray spectroscopy [9] is among the most popular and has the ability to detect under-drawings, cracks, knots, nails and damage produced by wood-boring insects, it cannot, however, detect detachments, inborn and evolving defects. Up to now, terahertz (THz) radiation has only been applied in a limited way to spectroscopic applications in art conservation, including ink pigments [10,11], investigation of under-drawings [12,13] and the analysis of paint pigments [14,15].…”

Development of an advanced X-ray detector for inspecting inner microscopic structural details in industrial applications

“…The choice of detector depends on the requirements and constraints of the particular application [2][3][4][5][6][7]. Efficiency, counting rate, spatial resolution and ease of handling are the most important properties to take into account in studying the industrial X-ray imaging of the microscopic structural details of molecules, liquids and solids [2].…”