Digestion of alfalfa and grass silages in sheep. 1. Rates of fermentation in and passage from the reticulorumen.

Bosch, M.W.; Janssen, I.M.; Bruchem, J. van; Bôer, H.; Hof, G.

doi:10.18174/njas.v36i2.16689

Cited by 14 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 6 publications

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“…In most experiments reported in the literature the fractional passage rate of particles from the rumen is calculated from the faecal concentration curve of Cr-NDF. Bosch et al (1988Bosch et al ( , 1992 reported a 25-30% lower k,-Co when derived from the faeces than when measured directly in the rumen. The same observation was made in the present experiment, except that the differences here were much larger, with fractional rates of k,-Co-faeces being 45 to 50 YO lower than values for k,-Co-rumen (Table 2).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It seems that measuring marker concentration curves not directly in the rumen, but further down the gut, results in a considerable underestimation of the marker outflow rate from the rumen. Robinson et al (1987) and Bosch et al (1988Bosch et al ( , 1992 both concluded that even faecal concentration curves of Cr-NDF must overestimate rumen feed particle passage rate as a fraction of total rumen contents because they sometimes even result in a higher passage rate than total rumen clearance rate. The latter is the sum of passage plus digestion and has to be considerably higher than passage rate.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Passage rate and total clearance rate from the rumen of cows fed on grass silages differing in cell-wall content

Bosch

Bruining

1995

Br J Nutr

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Four non-lactating, rumen-fistulated cows were fed ad lib. on two grass silages (first cut (FC) and second cut (SC)) harvested at different growth stages, resulting in different crude-protein (CP) and neutraldetergent-fibre (NDF) contents (FC, 152 g CP/kg, 515 g NDF/kg and SC, 210 g CP/kg, 442 g NDF/kg). Voluntary intake and rumen contents, total as well as organic matter were higher for silage FC. Fractional passage rate from the rumen, calculated from the logarithmic decline in Cr-NDF rumen pool, was higher for silage FC (0.0395/h and 0~0446/h for silages SC and FC respectively). When fractional passage rates from the rumen were calculated by dividing the intake of indigestible organic matter by the mean rumen pool of this fraction, the same differences between silages were found, although the actual levels were much lower (0*0258/h and 00300/h for silages SC and FC respectively). The results from the present experiment suggest that disappearance rate from the rumen of particles with a size between 1.25 and 0-071 mm is the rate-limiting step in the control of rumen 6U.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Passage rate and total clearance rate from the rumen of cows fed on grass silages differing in cell-wall content

Bosch

Bruining

1995

Br J Nutr

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“…After the last administration of the Co/Cr marker mixture on d 11 , rumen samples for Co concentration were taken until d 13 . This procedure was followed for the determination of the volume and turnover of rumen liquids and rumen outflow (B osch et al 1988).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of cell walls, dry matter and protein supply on endogenous nitrogen flow in the small intestine of sheep

Lammers-Wienhoven¹,

Voigt

Ram³

et al. 1997

Animal Physiology Nutrition

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Summary Five sheep, fitted with a PVC cannula in the dorsal rumen, a silastic infusion tube in the abomasum, and a single T‐shape PVC cannula in the proximal duodenum (D1), distal duodenum (D2), mid‐jejunum (J) and terminal ileum (I), were fed diets, which varied in crude protein (N × 6.25) and fibre contents. A 15N labelled grass meal‐beer yeast suspension was continuously infused into the abomasum over a period of 1 week. Subsequently, over a period of 4 days, the 15N excess in D1, D2, J and I digesta was related to 15N excess in blood plasma TCA soluble N. The average daily intakes of dry matter and N were 1.02 kg and 25.9 g, respectively. Average daily endogenous N amounted to 4.3 g at D1, 11.1 g at D2, 5.9 g at J and 4.8 g at I. Corresponding percentages of total N flow were: 15.0 (D1), 33.4 (D2), 44.6 (J) and 47.0 (I), respectively. The difference between distal and proximal duodenal endogenous N flow, the jejunal endogenous N flow and the ileal endogenous N flow were positively related to the amount of N, entering the small intestine (R2 = 0.69, 0.81 and 0.63, respectively). The ileal endogenous N flow was also positively related to the small intestinal NDF/DM/non‐protein DM flow and faecal dry matter flow (R2 = 0.81, 0.62, 0.59, 0.91, respectively). The apparent re‐absorption of endogenous protein varied among experimental diets, and was on average between D2 and I 56.0%. Zusammenfassung Die Wirkung von Faser, Trockensubstanz und Protein auf die Passage von endogenem Stickstoff im Dünndarm des Schafes In Experimenten (3 times 3 und 2 times 2) an insgesamt 5 Schafen, die mit einer PVC Kanüle im dorsalen Pansen, einem Labmagenkatheter und mit T‐formigen PVC Kanülen am proximalen Duodenum (D1), distalen Duodenum (D2), mittlerem Jejunum (J) und terminalen Ileum (I) sowie mit einem Katheter in der V. jugularis ausgerüstet waren, wurden Rationen eingesetzt, deren Faser‐ und Rohproteingehalt variierte. In der Tagesration waren 668–1193 g DM, 150–676 g NDF und 22–32 g N enthalten. Die Tiere wurden durch eine 7tägige intraabomasale Infusion einer Mischung von 15N‐Gras und 15N‐Hefe mit 15N markiert. 14 h nach Beendigung der Infusion wurde über eine Periode von 4 Tagen die 15N‐Anreicherung in der Digesta von D1, D2, J und I gemessen und mit der 15N‐Anreicherung in der TCA‐löslichen N‐Fraktion des Blutplasmas in Beziehung gesetzt. Die durchschnittliche tägliche Menge an endogenem N (Ne) belief sich von D1 bis I auf 4.3, 11.1, 5.9 und 4.8g. Das entsprach 15.0, 33.4, 44.6 und 47.0% der Passage an Gesamt‐N. Die Differenz im Fluß an Ne zwischen distalem und proximalem Duodenum sowie der Fluß von Ne am Jejunum und Ileum war positiv mit der N‐Passage an D1 korreliert (R2 = 0.69, 0.81 und 0.63). Der ileale Fluß von Ne war positiv korreliert mit der ilealen Passage von NDF, DM, und Nicht‐Protein‐DM sowie der DM‐Ausscheidung im Kot (R2 = 0.81, 0.62, 0.59 und 0.91). Die scheinbare Re‐Absorption von Ne varierte zwischen den Rationen. Im Durchschnitt wurden zwischen D2 und I 56% des Ne reabsorbiert. Es wird gefolgert, daß erhebl...

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“…Sulfuric acid reduces the pH of forage, thereby inhibiting the activity of undesirable bacteria such as enterobacteria and clostridia, and stimulating lactic acid bacteria; however, the effects on animal performance are not promising (O'Kiely et al, 1989;Kennedy, 1990). Organic acids, in particular formic acid, induce antibacterial activity and restrict the activity of lactic acid-producing bacteria, thereby conserving WSC for animals (Bosch et al, 1988). Studies have reported decreased acetic acid, lactic acid, and ammonia-N concentrations along with greater sugar concentrations with formic acid-treated alfalfa (Nagel and Broderick, 1992) or ryegrass (Mayne, 1993), compared with the control silage.…”

Section: Acid Treatmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Symposium review: Technologies for improving fiber utilization

Adesogan

Arriola

Jiang

et al. 2019

Journal of Dairy Science

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The forage lignocellulosic complex is one of the greatest limitations to utilization of the nutrients and energy in fiber. Consequently, several technologies have been developed to increase forage fiber utilization by dairy cows. Physical or mechanical processing techniques reduce forage particle size and gut fill and thereby increase intake. Such techniques increase the surface area for microbial colonization and may increase fiber utilization. Genetic technologies such as brown midrib mutants (BMR) with less lignin have been among the most repeatable and practical strategies to increase fiber utilization. Newer BMR corn hybrids are better yielding than the early hybrids and recent brachytic dwarf BMR sorghum hybrids avoid lodging problems of early hybrids. Several alkalis have been effective at increasing fiber digestibility. Among these, ammoniation has the added benefit of increasing the nitrogen concentration of the forage. However, few of these have been widely adopted due to the cost and the caustic nature of the chemicals. Urea treatment is more benign but requires sufficient urease and moisture for efficacy. Ammonia-fiber expansion technology uses high temperature, moisture, and pressure to degrade lignocellulose to a greater extent than ammoniation alone, but it occurs in reactors and is therefore not currently usable on farms. Biological technologies for increasing fiber utilization such as application of exogenous fibrolytic enzymes, live yeasts, and yeast culture have had equivocal effects on forage fiber digestion in individual studies, but recent meta-analyses indicate that their overall effects are positive. Nonhydrolytic expansinlike proteins act in synergy with fibrolytic enzymes to increase fiber digestion beyond that achieved by the enzyme alone due to their ability to expand cellulose microfibrils allowing greater enzyme penetration of the cell wall matrix. White-rot fungi are perhaps the biological agents with the greatest potential for lignocellulose deconstruction, but they require aerobic conditions and several strains degrade easily digestible carbohydrates. Less ruminant nutrition research has been conducted on brown rot fungi that deconstruct lignocellulose by generating highly destructive hydroxyl radicals via the Fenton reaction. More research is needed to increase the repeatability, efficacy, cost effectiveness, and onfarm applicability of technologies for increasing fiber utilization.

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Digestion of alfalfa and grass silages in sheep. 1. Rates of fermentation in and passage from the reticulorumen.

Cited by 14 publications

References 6 publications

Passage rate and total clearance rate from the rumen of cows fed on grass silages differing in cell-wall content

Passage rate and total clearance rate from the rumen of cows fed on grass silages differing in cell-wall content

Effect of cell walls, dry matter and protein supply on endogenous nitrogen flow in the small intestine of sheep

Symposium review: Technologies for improving fiber utilization

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