Differing responses of the estuarine bivalve Limecola balthica to lowered water pH caused by potential CO2 leaks from a sub-seabed storage site in the Baltic Sea: An experimental study

Climate change mitigation effects: How do potential CO2 leaks from a sub-seabed storage site in the Norwegian Sea affect Astarte sp. bivalves?

“…The peripheral part of the shell is composed of anterior, ventral and posterior areas and has active bio-mineralization (Linard et al, 2011). Positive growth of the Baltic bivalve Limecola balthica exposed to a pH 7.0 (under atmospheric pressure) confirmed high biomineralization rates as an adaptation to natural increments in CO2 (Sokołowski et al, 2018). Results of the shell growth rate in Astarte sp.…”

“…Leakages from the sub-seabed CO2 storages can promote environmental changes provoking responses in the biota (Sokołowski et al, 2018;Świeżak et al, 2018;Molari et al, 2019). Assessing the risks associated with these leakages requires consideration of: (i) physical/chemical environment-the magnitude of the leakage and the impact over the environment; i.e., how much the environment is modified, and if the environment can recover back to the initial state once the stress has ceased; and, (ii) biological impact-responses of the different organisms (as species) to the stressor; i.e., how vulnerable they are to the new state of the physical/chemical environment and assess if reversible or irreversible biological effects has occurred.…”

“…Slides were examined under a fluorescence microscope and highresolution images were collected from the peripheral rim of the shell (Figure 2A). Shell growth was estimated as the maximum thickness of the deposited shell between the fluorescent calcein marking and the inner shell surface at the peripheral rim of the shell (Figure 2B; Sokołowski et al, 2018).…”

“…Potential effects of CO2 leakages on the benthic ecosystem have mainly been studied at 1 atm, both biological effects (e.g. Bautista-Chamizo et al, 2016;Borrero-Santiago et al, 2016Basallote et al, 2018;Świeżak et al, 2018;Sokołowski et al, 2018;Conradi et al, 2019) and changes in seawater chemistry (Payán et al, 2012;Lichtschlag et al, 2015;De Orte et al, 2018). Several studies have mimicked realistic conditions addressing pressure as a variable (Ardelan et al, 2012;Molari et al, 2018Molari et al, , 2019Basallote et al, 2020), but further studies are needed to evaluate the effects of the compressibility of CO2 (Vilarrasa et al, 2009).…”

Effect of Seawater Acidification on Physiological and Energy Metabolism Responses of the Common Cockle (Anadara Antiquata) of Gazi Bay, Kenya

“…Seawater with high pCO 2 was also reported to interfere with the energy metabolism and antioxidant responses of Yesso Scallop (Patinopecten yessoensis) in Shandong province, China (Liao et al, 2019). While low simulated seawater pH resulted in the decrease in shell weight and growth but increase in soft tissue growth of Baltic clam (Limecola balthica), and did not result in any fatal outcomes after 56 days of exposure (Sokołowski et al, 2018).…”