Differences among the coloured, white, black, and other South African populations in smoking-attributed mortality at ages 35–74 years: a case-control study of 481 640 deaths

The impact of cigarette smoking on life expectancy between 1980 and 2010: a global perspective

“…Since prospective studies in middle-income countries are scarce, comparisons with our results are difficult. A study in South Africa21 estimated that 10% and 4% of total deaths between 1999 and 2007 in adult men and women (>35 years), respectively, were caused by tobacco smoking, whereas in our study these estimates were more than double (21.5% CI (20.8 to 22.6) in men and 9.2% CI (8.0 to 9.8) in women aged 40–79) in 2000–2010. Yet, Sitas and colleagues estimated the proportion of deaths related to tobacco smoking based on excess hazards among active smokers as compared to non-smokers (lifelong non-smokers and former smokers), making their results not comparable to ours.…”

South African tobacco smoking cessation clinical practice guideline

“…[1] The mortality among current smokers in SA is nearly double that of nonor ex-smokers. [7,8] Up to a third of all male deaths in SA adults over the age of 35 years have recently been attributed to tobacco use. [7,9] Passive smoking also increases the risk of cardiovascular disease in adults and respiratory disease, particularly among children.…”

Racial and non-racial discrimination and smoking status among South African adults 10 years after apartheid

“…10 Racial differences in smoking prevalence are also evidenced by racial disparities in smoking-attributable mortality rates in South Africa. 11 Smoking is associated with increased odds of tuberculosis, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, lung cancer, upper digestive tract cancer, ischaemic heart disease, cirrhosis of the liver and other alcohol-related conditions among South Africans. 11 12 We were able to locate only one article on racial discrimination and smoking in South Africa.…”

“…11 Smoking is associated with increased odds of tuberculosis, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, lung cancer, upper digestive tract cancer, ischaemic heart disease, cirrhosis of the liver and other alcohol-related conditions among South Africans. 11 12 We were able to locate only one article on racial discrimination and smoking in South Africa. Brook et al 13 found a positive association between racial discrimination and smoking status among South African adolescents (OR=1.46, 95% CI 1.21 to 1.75).…”