Dietary pattern, colonic microbiota and immunometabolism interaction: new frontiers for diabetes mellitus and related disorders

Abstract

In this review, the numerous possible mechanisms that provide supportive evidence for how colonic dysbiosis denotes metabolic dysfunction, dysregulates glucose homeostasis and leads to diabetes mellitus and related metabolic disorders are defined. Information was gathered from articles identified by systematic reviews and searches using Google, PubMed and Scopus. The composition of the colonic microbiota plays an integral role in maintaining host homeostasis by affecting both metabolic activities and underlying functional gene transcription in individuals with diabetes and related metabolic disorders. Increased colonic microbiome‐derived concentrations of lipopolysaccharides, also known as ‘metabolic endotoxaemia’, as well as alterations in bile acid metabolism, short‐chain fatty acids, intestinal hormones and branched‐chain amino acid secretion have been associated with the diverse production of pro‐inflammatory cytokines and the recruitment of inflammatory cells. It has been shown that changes to intestinal bacterial composition are significant even in early childhood and are associated with the pathogenesis of both types of diabetes. We hope that an improved understanding of related mechanisms linking the colonic microbiome with glucose metabolism might provide for innovative therapeutic approaches that would bring the ideal intestinal ecosystem to a state of optimal health, thus preventing and treating diabetes and related metabolic disorders.

The intestinal microbiota: Towards a multifactorial integrative model. Eubiosis and dysbiosis in morbid physical and psychological conditions

“…In addition to chronic infl ammatory diseases [38], directly caused and fueled by the intestinal dysbiotic state, recent studies have shown a direct correlation between dysbiosis and other extra-intestinal pathologies, including diabetes [39], atherosclerosis [40,41], metabolic syndrome [42], autoimmune [43,44] and neurodegenerative [45][46][47]48] diseases, heart and circulation disorders [49], atopic dermatitis [50], psoriasis [51], asthma [52] and allergies [53] and food intolerances [54].…”

Taking measure

“…In this issue of Diabetic Medicine, the beginning of measurement of the intestinal metabolic signature from the colonic microbiome is reviewed. 1 The metabolically active microbiome is complex with immune interactions as well as direct and indirect influences on glucose metabolism. Harnessing this influence, manipulating the microbiome and altering metabolism may in time be feasible, with personalised approaches developed to optimise our intestinal microbiota and its downstream impact.…”

“…In this issue of Diabetic Medicine , the beginning of measurement of the intestinal metabolic signature from the colonic microbiome is reviewed 1 . The metabolically active microbiome is complex with immune interactions as well as direct and indirect influences on glucose metabolism.…”

Current Status and Future Therapeutic Options for Fecal Microbiota Transplantation

“…The gut microbiota has a critical function in human health, and its various disorders are associated with the development of particular diseases [1,2]. Disruption of the gut microbiota may lead to both gastrointestinal and non-gastrointestinal diseases, such as cancer, metabolic syndrome, or neuropsychiatric diseases [3][4][5][6][7][8][9].…”