Dietary Intake of Essential, Toxic, and Potentially Toxic Elements from Mussels (Mytilus spp.) in the Spanish Population: A Nutritional Assessment

Abstract

The levels of forty-three elements were determined in fresh, preserved, and frozen mussels (n = 208) with the purpose of evaluating their contribution to the recommended dietary intake of essential elements and their potential risk to Spanish consumers’ health. We found relevant differences in the element content in relation to the mode of conservation of mussels as well as in relation to their geographical origin, brand, or mode of production. According to our estimates, mussels are important contributors to the intake of most essential elements, contributing almost 70% of daily requirements of Se, 30–35% of Mo, Zn, and Co, and around 15% of Fe. At the same time, the pattern of average consumption of mussels in Spain does not seem to imply an excessive risk associated with any of the 36 toxic elements studied. However, it should be noted that, in the high percentile of consumption the exposure to Cd and As may be high, in particular that associated with the consumption of fresh and/or frozen mussels. According to the results of this study, a moderate consumption of mussels can be recommended as a valuable and safe source of trace elements.

Potential Hazard of Lanthanides and Lanthanide-Based Nanoparticles to Aquatic Ecosystems: Data Gaps, Challenges and Future Research Needs Derived from Bibliometric Analysis

“…A relatively high Ln content in biota has also been reported. Ln (together with Sc and Y) concentration in soft tissue of bivalves reached 1.6 mg/kg in studies by Rodriguez-Hernandez et al [66]. Marine crabs in fertiliser-polluted waters accumulated waterborne Ln in the shell (2.5 mg/kg) and foodborne Ln in the claw muscles (0.44 mg/kg) [60].…”

“…As a rule, the groups of organisms that were mostly used in the bioaccumulation studies were macrophytes (28%) and bivalves (26% of papers; Figure 5). In addition to exposure studies, eleven bioaccumulation studies were based on the monitoring of natural benthic populations [53,[59][60][61][62][63][64][65][66][67][68]] that could also be considered to be long term bioaccumulation studies. Similarly to laboratory exposure studies, bivalves were the predominant test species in the monitoring studies [53,59,[61][62][63][64][66][67][68].…”

“…In addition to exposure studies, eleven bioaccumulation studies were based on the monitoring of natural benthic populations [53,[59][60][61][62][63][64][65][66][67][68]] that could also be considered to be long term bioaccumulation studies. Similarly to laboratory exposure studies, bivalves were the predominant test species in the monitoring studies [53,59,[61][62][63][64][66][67][68]. In addition to bivalves, snails [59], crustaceans [59][60][61], sea urchins [63], insect larvae [59,63], mites and oligochaets [59], and rooted plants [65] were analysed.…”

Human Health Risk Assessment through Roasted Meats Consumption

“…Other approaches to estimate the possible exposure to food additives from a diet comprise the estimated daily intake ( EDI ) [ 9 ] and the hazard quotient (HQ) method. The EDI is the amount of an additive ingested by the average consumer of the food [ 10 , 11 ], and the HQ is the ratio of the potential exposure to a substance at a level at which no adverse effects are expected, respectively [ 12 ]. Moreover, the minimal risk level (MRL) is an estimate of the daily human exposure to a hazardous substance that contains elements such as Al, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Mo, V, and Zn that is likely to be without appreciable risk of adverse [ 13 ].…”

“…Consequently, wood smoke contains several toxic, harmful air pollutants, including As and Cr [ 23 , 24 , 25 ]. In view of the above, studies considering the EDI and comparisons with reference values for each element (PTWI, UL, BMDL, and MRL) can provide an overview of human-health-risk assessment [ 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 , 11 , 12 , 13 , 14 ].…”