Dietary Flaxseed in Dogs Results in Differential Transport and Metabolism of (n-3) Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids

Bauer, John E.; Dunbar, Brent L.; Bigley, Karen E.

doi:10.1093/jn/128.12.2641s

Cited by 43 publications

(42 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…Our results are similar to those from an earlier study in which dogs supplemented with ALA demonstrated increased plasma cholesterol ester concentrations of EPA (from 0.1% 6 0.1% to 0.7% 6 0.3%) but did not show increased concentrations of DHA. 36 In spite of the lack of statistical significance of VPC reduction after ALA supplementation, 4 of the 8 dogs (50%) in this group demonstrated a .85% reduction in VPC number and 2 of the 8 dogs had smaller reductions. Earlier studies have shown that in Boxers with arrhythmia, as in people, the rate of spontaneous dayto-day variability in ventricular arrhythmia frequency can be as high as 80-100%.…”

Section: 15mentioning

confidence: 69%

Omega‐3 Fatty Acids in Boxer Dogs with Arrhythmogenic Right Ventricular Cardiomyopathy

Smith

Freeman

Rush

et al. 2007

Veterinary Internal Medicne

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Background: Omega-3 fatty acids have been shown to reduce arrhythmia in animal models and people. These effects have not been studied in dogs with spontaneously occurring arrhythmia.Hypothesis: Fish oil will reduce the frequency of ventricular arrhythmia in Boxer dogs with arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy (ARVC).Animals: Twenty-four Boxers with ARVC were included in this study. Methods: Asymptomatic Boxers not receiving antiarrhythmic medications were evaluated with echocardiogram and electrocardiogram. Dogs with at least 1 ventricular premature contraction (VPC) received 24-hour ambulatory electrocardiography (AECG) recordings. Dogs with .95 VPCs in 24 hours were randomized to 1 of 3 treatments: (1) Fish oil, 2 g; (2) Flax oil, 2 g; or (3) sunflower oil, 2 g (Control group), for 6 weeks. Investigators and owners were blinded to the treatment groups. All baseline measurements were repeated after the 6-week supplementation.Results: There were no differences at baseline for age, sex, blood pressure, weight, echocardiographic measurements, or VPCs. Median number of VPCs in 24 hours for all dogs was 543 (range, 96-40,063) at baseline and 193 (range, 6-14,825) after 6 weeks of supplementation. VPCs/24 h were reduced for the Fish oil group (baseline median 5 397 [range, 249-10,587]; 6-week median 5 162 [range, 16-3,781]; P 5 .02), but not for the Flax oil (P 5 .58) or Control (P 5 .48) groups.Conclusions and Clinical Importance: These data suggest that fish oil, but not flax oil, supplementation for 6 weeks reduces arrhythmia in Boxers with ARVC and that it could be useful in treating this common disease. Further studies are needed to determine optimal dose and duration of treatment.

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Section: 15mentioning

confidence: 69%

Omega‐3 Fatty Acids in Boxer Dogs with Arrhythmogenic Right Ventricular Cardiomyopathy

Smith

Freeman

Rush

et al. 2007

Veterinary Internal Medicne

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“…The diets were allowed to dry completely, stored at 4°C in their original bags, then placed in plastic drums fitted with lids until the time of feeding. Complete fatty acid profiles of the two supplemented diets have been previously reported [21]. Dietary treatments were such that the fatty acid profiles of the two supplemented diets varied predominately between 18-carbon n-6 and n-3 fatty acid series.…”

Section: Animals and Dietsmentioning

confidence: 96%

“…Serum was freshly harvested from the blood samples on the day of collection and total lipids were extracted and sub-fractionated via thin layer chromatography [21]. After visualization with iodine vapor, the phospholipids (PL), triacylglycerol (TG), and cholesteryl ester (CE) fractions were scraped from the plates, placed in screw-capped glass tubes fitted with Teflon caps, and 4% sulfuric acid in methanol added for trans-methylation prior to capillary gas chromatography [21].…”

Section: Sample Analysesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Early and Sustained Enrichment of Serum n‐3 Long Chain Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids in Dogs Fed a Flaxseed Supplemented Diet

Dunbar

Bigley

Bauer

2009

Lipids

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A study was conducted in dogs to assess n-3 long chain polyunsaturated fatty acid incorporation after feeding an alpha-linolenic (ALA)-rich flaxseed supplemented diet (FLX) for 84 days. Serum total phospholipids (PL), triacylglycerol (TG), and cholesteryl esters (CE) were isolated at selected times and fatty acid methyl esters were analyzed. Increased LA was seen in the FLX-PL fraction after 28 days and an expected decrease in PL-AA. Enrichment of ALA, eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosapentaenoic acid n-3 (DPAn-3) in the FLX-group occurred early on (day 4) in both PL and TG fractions but no docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) was found, consistent with data from other species including humans. In contrast, no accumulation of DPAn-3 was seen in serum-CE, suggesting that this fatty acid does not participate in reverse-cholesterol transport. The accumulation of DPAn-3 in fasting PL and TG fractions is likely due to post-absorptive secretion after tissue synthesis. Because conversion of DPAn-3 to DHA occurs in canine neurologic tissues, this DPAn-3 may provide a circulating reservoir for DHA synthesis in such tissues. The absence of DPAn-3 in serum-CE suggests that such transport may be unidirectional. Although conversion of DPAn-3 to DHA is slow in most species, one-way transport of DPAn-3 in the circulation may help conserve this fatty acid as a substrate for DHA synthesis in brain and retinal tissues especially when dietary intakes of DHA are low.

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“…The desaturation/elongation chain of n-3 fatty acids seems to block at the level of DPA. Several reasons for this observation can be hypothesised: (1) a low activity of the 4 -desaturase which convert DPA to DHA; (2) an inhibition or a low activity of the 6 -desaturase and the ␤-oxidation which are responsible for the conversion of DPA to DHA through a more complex route than the step proposed in (1) (Sprecher et al, 1995); (3) an inhibition of the enzymes (desaturase, elongase; ␤-oxidation) by other polyunsaturated fatty acids (LA, ARA and LNA); (4) a competition of the long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LA, LNA, ARA, EPA, DPA) with DHA to be incorporated into the phospholipids; (5) a production of DHA is confined to tissues requiring this fatty acid, such as the nervous system as proposed by Bauer et al (1998).…”

Section: Conclusive Remarks On Increased Levels Of N-3 Fatty Acids Bymentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of dietary fatty acids on incorporation of long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids and conjugated linoleic acid in lamb, beef and pork meat: a review

Raes

Smet

Demeyer

2004

Animal Feed Science and Technology

538

371

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Inspired by the health conscious consumer, several studies in meat producing domesticated animals have been completed that have aimed at increasing the polyunsaturated fatty acid content, and in particular the n-3 or -3 long chain fatty acids, as well as the conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) content in intramuscular fat of beef, lamb and pork meat. Increasing the n-3 content in animal meats can be achieved by including fish oil/fish meal in the diet (i.e. rich in eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA)), linseed (oil) and/or forages (i.e. rich in linolenic acid (LNA)). Diets rich in LNA result in an increased level of LNA, EPA and docosapentaenoic acid (DPA) in the meat, while in most cases no effect on intramuscular DHA level was observed. Increasing DHA contents in meat was mainly achieved when fish oil/fish meal was included in the animals diet. In most studies, an increased n-3 content in the intramuscular fat was accompanied with a decreased n-6 deposition, mainly due to a lower n-6 dietary supply between the treatments. This resulted in a more favourable n-6/n-3 ratio in the meat while the polyunsaturated fatty acid/saturated fatty acid (P/S) ratio was less affected.Attempts to increase the intramuscular c9t11CLA content was accomplished by feeding ruminants n-3 rich diets (linseed either or not in combination with grass (silage)), fish oil or high concentrate diets rich in linoleic acid (LA). The c9t11CLA content in beef and lamb meat varied between 0.2 and 1.0 g/100 g of total fatty acids and was not increased to a high extent by nutri- Raes et al. / Animal Feed Science and Technology 113 (2004) 199-221 tional factors. In contrast, including CLA-oils consisting of several CLA isomers in the diet of monogastrics markedly increased the intramuscular CLA content.

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Dietary Flaxseed in Dogs Results in Differential Transport and Metabolism of (n-3) Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids

Cited by 43 publications

References 9 publications

Omega‐3 Fatty Acids in Boxer Dogs with Arrhythmogenic Right Ventricular Cardiomyopathy

Omega‐3 Fatty Acids in Boxer Dogs with Arrhythmogenic Right Ventricular Cardiomyopathy

Early and Sustained Enrichment of Serum n‐3 Long Chain Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids in Dogs Fed a Flaxseed Supplemented Diet

Effect of dietary fatty acids on incorporation of long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids and conjugated linoleic acid in lamb, beef and pork meat: a review

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