Early and Sustained Enrichment of Serum n‐3 Long Chain Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids in Dogs Fed a Flaxseed Supplemented Diet

Dunbar, Brent L.; Bigley, Karen E.; Bauer, John E.

doi:10.1007/s11745-009-3364-9

Cited by 30 publications

(30 citation statements)

References 33 publications

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“…Although ALA can be converted to EPA, which can then be elongated to DHA, in dogs the conversion of ALA to EPA is less efficacious than providing dietary EPA. For DHA this effect is even more pronounced than for EPA, since the conversion rate is even lower[14]. Therefore increasing tissue EPA and especially DHA levels via dietary manipulation would be of interest for the diseased dog.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fatty acid patterns of dog erythrocyte membranes after feeding of a fish-oil based DHA-rich supplement with a base diet low in n-3 fatty acids versus a diet containing added n-3 fatty acids

et al. 2011

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BackgroundIn dogs, increasing the tissue n-3 fatty acid (FA) content is associated with potential benefit in some medical conditions, e.g. atopic dermatitis, cancer or heart disease. Therefore effectively and conveniently increasing tissue n-3 FA levels in dogs is of interest. Incorporation of dietary n-3 FA into cell membranes may be studied by FA analysis of erythrocyte membranes (EM), because of the correlation of its FA composition with the FA composition of other cells. Aim of the study was to determine whether an n-3 FA additive added to a control diet is as effective in increasing EM n-3 FA content as feeding an n-3 FA enriched diet. Furthermore the time course of the incorporation of dietary n-3 FA into canine EM was investigated.MethodsThirty dogs were randomly divided into three dietary groups with ten dogs per group. CONT got a dry dog food diet which did not contain EPA or DHA. FO got a dry dog food diet with a high EPA and DHA content. ADD got the CONT diet combined with an n-3 FA additive rich in DHA and EPA. After a feeding period of 12 weeks the additive was discontinued in ADD and these dogs were fed CONT diet for another four weeks to observe washout effects. Erythrocyte lipids were extracted from venous blood samples and their FA composition was determined by gas chromatography. The Mann-Whitney-U-test was used to detect significant differences between the different groups and time points.ResultsAfter one week the proportions of n-3 FA, DHA and EPA were already significantly increased in ADD and FO, apparently reaching a plateau within eight weeks. In our study DHA and not EPA was preferably incorporated into the EM. After discontinuing the administration of the additive in ADD, the n-3 FA values declined slowly without reaching baseline levels within four weeks.ConclusionsIn dogs, an increase of dietary n-3 FA content leads to a rapid inclusion of n-3 FA into EM, regardless of whether the n-3 FA are offered as an enriched diet or as a normal diet supplemented with an n-3 FA additive.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fatty acid patterns of dog erythrocyte membranes after feeding of a fish-oil based DHA-rich supplement with a base diet low in n-3 fatty acids versus a diet containing added n-3 fatty acids

et al. 2011

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“…An automated electrospray ionization (ESI)-tandem mass spectrometry approach was used, and sample preparation and data acquisition were carried out as described previously [32], with modifications. Briefly, an aliquot of 2 μl of brain lipid extract, equivalent to 0.6–0.8 mg tissue fresh weight (FW), was analyzed.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Data were evaluated for possible outliers using the Q-test [41] on NAPE lipid class totals; one sham-operated contralateral (SC) rat brain replicate (out of 4) was determined to be an outlier, most likely due to sample mishandling, and was removed from calculations. No response correction factors were employed for potentially different mass spectral responses of various N -acyl chains [32]. NAPE lipidomic data, thus, allow comparison of samples, but may not represent the relative amounts of various molecular species.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Targeted lipidomics approaches focusing on effects of altered NAE metabolism in mice [32] and the role of arachidonic acid [13] in signaling have recently been conducted. Here we adopted a lipidomics strategy to measure changes in the molecular composition and quantity of NAE metabolites and describe lipidomic changes associated with ischemia in a transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO), with and without the exogenous administration of NAE 16:0.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Changes in N-acylethanolamine Pathway Related Metabolites in a Rat Model of Cerebral Ischemia/Reperfusion

et al. 2011

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In mammals, the endocannabinoid signaling pathway provides protective cellular responses to ischemia. Previous work demonstrated increases in long-chain N-acylethanolamines (NAE) in ischemia and suggested a protective role for NAE. Here, a targeted lipidomics approach was used to study comprehensive changes in the molecular composition and quantity of NAE metabolites in a rat model of controlled brain ischemia. Changes of NAE, its precursors, N-acylphosphatidylethanolamines (NAPE), major and minor phospholipids, and free fatty acids (FFA) were quantified in response to ischemia. The effect of intraperitoneal injection of N-palmitoylethanolamine (NAE 16:0) prior to ischemia on NAE metabolite and phospholipid profiles was measured. While ischemia, in general, resulted in elevated levels of N-acyl 16:0 and18:0 NAE, NAPE, and FFA species, pretreatment with NAE 16:0 reduced infarct volume, neurological behavioral deficits in rats, and FFA content in ischemic tissues. Pretreatment with NAE 16:0 did not affect the profiles of other NAE metabolites. These studies demonstrate the utility of a targeted lipidomics approach to measure complex and concomitant metabolic changes in response to ischemia. They suggest that the neuroprotective effects of exogenous NAE 16:0 and the reduction in inflammatory damage may be mediated by factors other than gross changes in brain NAE levels, such as modulation of transcriptional responses.

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“…Previous studies in humans using LCn-3FA from fish sources have demonstrated changes in the gene expression of heat shock proteins (Gorjao et al, 2006) and inflammatory cytokines (Weaver et al, 2009). Additionally, it has been shown that dogs can elongate ALA to EPA, but not to DHA, with the supplementation of dietary flaxseed (Bauer et al, 1998;Dunbar et al, 2010;Purushothaman et al, 2011). However, the impact of short chain n-3FA (SCn-3FA) on gene expression has not been investigated in dogs, nor have breed differences been examined.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Flaxseed oil supplementation alters the expression of inflammatory-related genes in dogs

Purushothaman¹,

Brown²,

Vanselow³

et al. 2014

Genet. Mol. Res.

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ABSTRACT. Long chain n-3 fatty acids are beneficial to mammals because of their anti-inflammatory role. However, whether flaxseed oil, which is rich in short chain n-3 fatty acids, has such a role, it has not been extensively examined. This study investigated the supplementation of flaxseed oil on the regulation of genes involved in inflammatory responses such as heat shock proteins (HSP90 and HSP70) and interleukin (IL1β) in the white blood cells of dogs. Five beagles and 5 greyhounds were supplemented with Melrose ® flaxseed oil at the rate of 100 mL/kg food for 21 days. The blood was collected at day 0, 15, and 22 following supplementation. The expression of 3 genes was quantified using real-time polymerase chain reaction. Plasma concentrations of fatty acids such as alpha linolenic acid, eicosapentaenoic acid, docosahexaenoic acid, linoleic acid, and arachidonic acid were measured, and their correlations with changes in gene expression were determined. Flaxseed oil supplementation downregulated the Flaxseed oil alters gene expression in dogs expression of HSP90 and IL1β in greyhounds but showed no significant effect on these genes in beagles. HSP70 remained unchanged in both breeds following the supplementation. Correlations of HSP90 and IL1β expression levels with the plasma fatty acid concentrations on day 22 showed a significant negative correlation in greyhounds. Dietary flaxseed oil altered the expression of genes involved in inflammation in white blood cells. Because the expression of the genes may vary in different breeds, it will be useful to consider breed responses to dietary manipulation in canine nutrition management.

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Early and Sustained Enrichment of Serum n‐3 Long Chain Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids in Dogs Fed a Flaxseed Supplemented Diet

Cited by 30 publications

References 33 publications

Fatty acid patterns of dog erythrocyte membranes after feeding of a fish-oil based DHA-rich supplement with a base diet low in n-3 fatty acids versus a diet containing added n-3 fatty acids

Fatty acid patterns of dog erythrocyte membranes after feeding of a fish-oil based DHA-rich supplement with a base diet low in n-3 fatty acids versus a diet containing added n-3 fatty acids

Changes in N-acylethanolamine Pathway Related Metabolites in a Rat Model of Cerebral Ischemia/Reperfusion

Flaxseed oil supplementation alters the expression of inflammatory-related genes in dogs

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