Die Wissenschaftliche und Angewandte Photographie

A novel beam-splitting microscope tube for taking stereo-pairs with full resolution Nomarski or phase contrast technique, or with epifluorescence

“…As the illuminating cone of light is necessarily restricted to at least half of the objective aperture, One might expect a resolving power which is reduced to three-quarters of the maximum value, Each single view, however, arises from an oblique illumination of the object and therefore the (lateral) resolution amounts to d = wavelength/2 x objective aperture, according to Abbe's theory of image formation. The image contrast is somewhat enhanced as compared to nonoblique illumination (Michel, 1967). This enhancement of contrast, however, turns out to be different between the resulting single views, and thus stereo-optical fusion may be affected.…”

“…

A device is presented which for the first time allows stereo-pairs to be taken with full resolving power on a single frame, since both single views are formed by the complete diffraction image. The device can be introduced into the mononuclear tube of any light microscope.Transmitted-light stereo microscopy is easily achieved with a single objective by applying oblique symmetrical illumination (Michel, 1967). For this purpose the image-forming light path must be divided lengthwise by a double polarizing (or a double anaglyphic) filter, with mother pair of single filters (mounted for instance at the bottom of each eyepiece; Fig.

…”

“…3(h) a V-form double filter is required.Several previous attempts have been made to apply this stereo technique to take 3-D Photomicrographs or 3-D films on a single frame with one camera mounted on a monocular tube. However, these trials suffered from a serious disadvantage: to get stereo-pairs, a double achromatic prism (Michel, 1967;Reinert, 1942) or a double anaglyphic or polarizing filter (Inou6,1986) was put into the exit pupil of the objective or the eyepiece. Therefore, each single view of the stereo-pair was formed by only half of the objective aperture.…”

“…Transmitted-light stereo microscopy is easily achieved with a single objective by applying oblique symmetrical illumination (Michel, 1967). For this purpose the image-forming light path must be divided lengthwise by a double polarizing (or a double anaglyphic) filter, with mother pair of single filters (mounted for instance at the bottom of each eyepiece; Fig.…”

<title>Video imaging in flow - a novel method for increasing the discriminating power of flow cytometers used in aquatic science</title>

“…This formula is only valid for an illumination system which satisfies the KOhier equation and diffraction limited imaging optics. The resolution LSX related to the granularity of the target serving as optical sensor is(7) where d is the size of an element of the sensor and m is the image scale of the objective.The exposure time related to L Xm and Xt is shown as a function of the flow speed in Fig. 2 for representative parameters (?…”