Diamine oxidase enzyme: a novel biomarker in respiratory allergy

Abstract

Background: Well-known allergy tests are used to evaluate and diagnose allergic diseases. The aim of this study was to assess the role of serum level diamine oxidase (DAO) enzyme as a diagnostic marker in respiratory allergy.Methods: This case-control study included 40 patients with respiratory allergies (atopic asthma and allergic rhinitis) as well as 40 age-and sex-matched controls. A detailed past medical history of allergy was collected from each participant including family history of allergy. Physical examination, pulmonary function test (PFT) and measurement of serum levels of total immunoglobulin E (IgE) and DAO were performed. Skin-prick test and specific IgE to common aeroallergens were also carried out.Results: DAO levels were higher in patients than controls. There was a positive correlation between severity of disease and DAO. No significant association was found between DAO level and age, type of respiratory allergy, duration of disease, PFT, eosinophilia, and total IgE. DAO had a high negative predictive value (94.7%) and high sensitivity (97.5%). Conclusion: DAO may be helpful in the assessment of severity and in ruling out respiratory allergy. C 2019 ARS-AAOA, LLC.R espiratory allergy is growing significantly. Estimations worldwide reveal that 5% to 12% of the population are asthmatic, whereas 20% have allergic rhinitis, which is the leading cause of decreased individual productivity. One study showed that around 45% of patients had not yet been diagnosed and that respiratory allergies were underdetermined. 1 Accurate screening and early diagnosis are crucial in the management of respiratory allergy.Mast cells are the main contributor of a typical allergic inflammatory reaction. These cells are activated by exposure to allergens, which, in turn, results in the release of many mediators including histamine, leukotrienes, and specific cytokines. 2 Histamine is the main biomarker of the

Relationship between allergic rhinitis and diamine oxidase activity: A preliminary report

“…Despite this association, no significant differences or correlations were found in the quality of life measured with the ESPRINT-15 questionnaire between the groups with normal DAO activity and deficient DAO activity. This is in contrast to recently described findings in which linear correlations were obtained between AR severity and blood DAO levels [ 19 ]. Therefore, it is convenient to differentiate between the level of DAO in blood (previous studies) and its activity (current study).…”

“…This relationship between the enzyme and the amount of extracellular histamine could play a role in the pathophysiology of the allergic diseases and therefore, in persistent AR. Although some studies measured DAO intracellularly or in serum,[ 19 , 26 ] this study did not measure the quantity but the activity of the enzyme. Therefore, this study was the first to analyze the possible relationship between an imbalance in the metabolism of histamine due to a DAO activity deficit and the symptoms of persistent AR.…”

“…There are few reports that have studied the relationship between AR and DAO deficit [ 17 , 18 , 19 ]. Some pointed to the possible use of DAO levels as an allergic biomarker in this type of patient [ 19 ], while others pointed out that there could be subgroups of AR patients with a different disease course due to single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) that would cause DAO enzyme malfunction and an increased histamine accumulation even in situations where the amount of DAO is within normal parameters [ 6 , 17 , 18 ]. Specifically, the most relevant SNPs affecting DAO enzyme functionality in Caucasian individuals, like our population, are rs10156191, rs1049742, rs2268999, and especially rs1049793 [ 27 ].…”

“…It seems logical that if a greater accumulation of histamine occurs, the severity of AR will be greater. This finding could be useful in future studies, making it possible to use the DAO activity levels as a biomarker to differentiate between severity groups in AR [ 19 ]. There is a higher degree of nasal obstruction measured objectively by NPIF in patients with DAO activity deficiency, regardless of the severity group of rhinitis.…”

“…Some clinical studies have correlated DAO deficiency with specific pathologies, mainly gastrointestinal, dermatological diseases or migraine [ 6 , 8 , 9 , 10 , 11 , 12 , 13 , 14 , 15 ], depending on the expression of histamine receptors (H1 – H4) in tissues [ 16 ]. However, there is little information available about DAO function in patients diagnosed with AR and its correlation with symptoms [ 17 , 18 , 19 ]. The aim of this study is to analyze the DAO degradation activity in patients with persistent AR.…”