Diagnosis of oral squamous cell carcinoma and its precursor lesions

Abstract

Improvement of survival rate and quality of life after treatment of oral squamous cell carcinoma as well as cost reduction requires reliable early diagnosis of the tumor and its precursor lesions. Four different screening methods are primarily employed: toluidine blue staining (visually detected lesions: sensitivity 70-100%, specificity 25-67%), photodynamic diagnosis (sensitivity 94-99%, specificity 60-89%), autofluorescence (no data published so far) and modern oral cytology (sensitivity 80%,specificity 95-100%). Additional analytic procedures such automated image analysis, DNA image cytometry and immunocytochemistry can be used to enhance the low sensitivity of conventional oral cytology. While these methods have achieved sensitivity and specificity approaching 100%, the studies involved clearly-defined entities such as large oral squamous cell carcinomas and aphthae. The modern and methodenhanced oral cytology is a simple, value-based and inexpensive tool for early diagnosis of oral squamous cell carcinoma and its precursor lesions. Surgical biopsy and histopathological examination remains the gold standard for definitive diagnosis.

Non-Invasive Techniques for Detection and Diagnosis of Oral Potentially Malignant Disorders

“…However, TB staining can yield a high percentage of false positive results. Some benign hyperplasia and inflammatory lesions can be stained, as they contain large quantities of nucleic acids (Driemel et al 2007). Traumatic benign lesions can also be stained; however, they differ from malignant lesions in that the coloration often surrounds the ulceration and does not last long.…”

“…8-94.3 70.7-99.6 (McIntosh et al 2009;Ibrahim et al 2014) Orascoptic DK n/a n/a (Patton et al 2008) VELscope 30-100 15-100 (Poh et al 2006;Balevi 2007;Patton et al 2008;Trullenque-Eriksson et al 2009;Mehrotra et al 2010;Moro et al 2010;Awan et al 2011a;Balevi 2011;Fricain 2011;Lopez-Jornet and De la Mano-Espinosa 2011;Scheer et al 2011;Farah et al 2012;Marzouki et al 2012;Bhatia et al 2013) Photodynamic diagnosis 79-100 50-99 (Leunig et al 2000;Betz et al 2002;Zheng et al 2002;Chang and Wilder-Smith 2005;Sharwani et al 2006a;Driemel et al 2007;Sieron et al 2008) Optical diagnostic technologies…”

“…Topical application of excessive 5-ALA stimulates the production and intracellular accumulation of highly fluorescent PPIX in dysplastic and cancerous tissues, which is excited by brief exposure to light with a wavelength of 405 nm (Chang and Wilder-Smith 2005). Fluorescent tissues are considered suspicious for malignant transformation and biopsy should be considered (Driemel et al 2007).…”

Applications of Raman spectroscopy in dentistry part II: Soft tissue analysis

“…Human and economic constraints, lack of significant clinical presentation, patient reluctance to undergo biopsy, sampling mistakes, obligatory invasiveness and tissue loss associated with biopsy are the variables influencing the delay and errors of the diagnostic process (79)(80)(81). This leads to the increasing interest in finding alternative diagnostic techniques such as cytological techniques, histomorphometric analysis, cytomorphometry, DNA cytometry and immunocytochemical analysis, optical coherence tomography, high resolution micro-endoscopy (HRME) and polymerase based diagnostic kits (82,83 These bio-optical approaches could overcome the diagnostic restraints on the basis of a familiar principle that, when tissues are illuminated with light, the derivative of this optical spectrum will give the data about the molecular or chemical composition and the surface characteristics of the exposed tissue (38). These light-based imaging of the tissues detects even minimal changes in cell microanatomy (nuclear/cytoplasmic ratio), DNA Ploidy and quantification of nuclear DNA content, redox status, expression of specific biomarkers, tissue architecture and composition, chemical changes (mineralization), vascularity/angiogenesis and perfusion (78,84,85).…”

Техники И Методи За Детекција И Дијагноза На Орални Премалигни И Малигни Лезии

“…Дијагностички тест кој претставува златен стандард за потенцијалните премалигни или малигни орални мукозни лезии, останува биопсијата и хистопатолошките испитувања на ткивата [12]. Сепак, наодите меѓу патолозите се разликуваат во дијагнозата на лесна и умерена дисплазија, што го сочинуваат најголемиот дел од премалигните заболувања [13,14] и во одредувањето на раниот стадиум на инвазија на карцином in situ или оралниот сквамозен карцином (ОСК).…”