Diagnosis and Control of Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD) in Dairy Small Ruminants; Sheep and Goats

Mahmoud, Mohamed; Ghazy, Alaa A.; Shaapan, Raafat M.

doi:10.3923/ijds.2019.45.52

Cited by 17 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 28 publications

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“…This condition is mostly found in young animals or after mixing animals from different origins. Mahmoud et al [44] declared that their work aimed to elucidate the different methods for diagnosis and control of FMD that affect small ruminants involved in dairy production, namely, sheep and goats. Sheep and goats play a role in FMD epidemiology, as they become carriers and act as reservoirs of infection.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Field serological investigation for peste des petits ruminants, foot-and-mouth disease, and bluetongue diseases in illegally introduced animals in Egypt

Hosny¹,

Baheeg²,

Aly³

et al. 2020

Vet World

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Aim: In this study, laboratory scoping on the viruses that cause peste des petits ruminants (PPR), bluetongue (BT), and foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) was performed to evaluate the current status of animals illegally introduced into Egypt. This study aims to help control these infectious illnesses and tries to prevent the introduction of other strains of these three viruses to Egypt, as these illnesses spread quickly if not controlled. Materials and Methods: In the year 2018, 62 serum samples were collected and serologically tested through competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) kits to detect antibodies against PPR, BT, and FMD, which are three important transboundary infectious illnesses. Results: The results indicated that 60 out of 62 serum samples were positive for PPR antibodies (96.7%), 31 out of 62 were positive for FMD antibodies (50%), and 59 out of 62 serum samples were positive for BT antibodies (95%). Conclusion: This study revealed that PPR, FMD, and BT can be introduced into Egypt through the illegal introduction of sheep and goat from neighboring countries. Laboratory diagnostic abilities should be improved for the early detection and control of these illnesses.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Field serological investigation for peste des petits ruminants, foot-and-mouth disease, and bluetongue diseases in illegally introduced animals in Egypt

Hosny¹,

Baheeg²,

Aly³

et al. 2020

Vet World

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“…The incubation period for foot-and-mouth disease is 3–8 days in small ruminants [ 25 ]. The disease is characterized by high fever within two to three days, formation of vesicles and erosions inside the mouth leading to drooling of saliva.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Epidemiological study on foot-and-mouth disease in small ruminants: Sero-prevalence and risk factor assessment in Kenya

Chepkwony¹,

Gitao

Muchemi

et al. 2021

PLoS ONE

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Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is endemic in Kenya affecting cloven-hoofed ruminants. The epidemiology of the disease in small ruminants (SR) in Kenya is not documented. We carried out a cross-sectional study, the first in Kenya, to estimate the sero-prevalence of FMD in SR and the associated risk factors nationally. Selection of animals to be sampled used a multistage cluster sampling approach. Serum samples totaling 7564 were screened for FMD antibodies of non-structural-proteins using ID Screen® NSP Competition ELISA kit. To identify the risk factors, generalized linear mixed effects (GLMM) logistic regression analysis with county and villages as random effect variables was used. The country animal level sero-prevalence was 22.5% (95% CI: 22.3%-24.3%) while herd level sero-prevalence was 77.6% (95% CI: 73.9%-80.9%). The risk factor that was significantly positively associated with FMD sero-positivity in SR was multipurpose production type (OR = 1.307; p = 0.042). The risk factors that were significantly negatively associated with FMD sero-positivity were male sex (OR = 0.796; p = 0.007), young age (OR = 0.470; p = 0.010), and sedentary production zone (OR = 0.324; p<0.001). There were no statistically significant intra class correlations among the random effect variables but interactions between age and sex variables among the studied animals were statistically significant (p = 0.019). This study showed that there may be widespread undetected virus circulation in SR indicated by the near ubiquitous spatial distribution of significant FMD sero-positivity in the country. Strengthening of risk-based FMD surveillance in small ruminants is recommended. Adjustment of husbandry practices to control FMD in SR and in-contact species is suggested. Cross-transmission of FMD and more risk factors need to be researched.

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“…Some of these viral diseases have zoonotic importance (e.g., RVF, Louping ill and CPD) and the others are not considered zoonotic. Many viral diseases such as FMD, the infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis, and herpes viruses continually cause serious economic complications in the field (4)(5)(6). Most of the reported viral diseases of the small ruminants in Egypt lead to heavy losses in sheep and goats husbandry (4,7).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Review of diagnostic procedures and control of some viral diseases causing abortion and infertility in small ruminants in Egypt

Mahmoud¹,

Ghazy²,

Shaapan³

2021

IJVS

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Sheep and goats represent an essential source of meat, milk and wool production. Infectious viral diseases of small ruminants hinder the expected benefits from these animals. The aim of the present review was to shed light on diagnostic procedures and monitoring of some important infectious viral diseases that affect small ruminants. Border disease (BDV) is caused by Pestiviruses. The affected herds are usually expressed high rates of infertility and production of underweighted-lambs. Affected lambs usually die within days after lambing. A commercial killed whole virus vaccine was produced for BDV. Louping ill (LI) is caused by the Louping ill virus, which is transmitted by Ixods ricinus ticks. The LI virus typically causes fever, anorexia and encephalomyelitis. Death could occur 1-3 days after the beginning of signs. The available Louping ill vaccine is composed of inactivated killed virus. Nairobi sheep disease (NSD) is a tick-born infectious disease caused by Rhipicephalus appendiculatus ticks, characterized clinically by fever, abortion hemorrhagic gastroenteritis and high mortality. Inactivated killed oil adjuvant virus vaccines are available for the control of Nairobi sheep disease. Akabane disease (AKAV) is a Culicoides borne viral disease belongs to orthobunyavirus that has a teratogenic effect on the fetus of cattle and small ruminants. A live attenuated virus vaccine and inactivated virus are commonly used. This review concluded that the modern diagnostic tools are urgently needed not only for diagnosis but also for monitoring viral disease control and control programs.

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Diagnosis and Control of Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD) in Dairy Small Ruminants; Sheep and Goats

Cited by 17 publications

References 28 publications

Field serological investigation for peste des petits ruminants, foot-and-mouth disease, and bluetongue diseases in illegally introduced animals in Egypt

Field serological investigation for peste des petits ruminants, foot-and-mouth disease, and bluetongue diseases in illegally introduced animals in Egypt

Epidemiological study on foot-and-mouth disease in small ruminants: Sero-prevalence and risk factor assessment in Kenya

Review of diagnostic procedures and control of some viral diseases causing abortion and infertility in small ruminants in Egypt

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