Epidemiological study on foot-and-mouth disease in small ruminants: Sero-prevalence and risk factor assessment in Kenya

Chepkwony, Eunice C.; Gitao, George C.; Muchemi, Gerald; Sangula, Abraham; Kairu-Wanyoike, Salome

doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0234286

Cited by 6 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 49 publications

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“…These findings were in line with the outcomes of Balinda et al [ 45 ], who investigated that the cause of the infection and spread of FMD was the closed interface among livestock in communal grazing and joint housing. Though, the finding of the present investigation is contrary to the outcomes of Chepkwony et al [ 46 ], who investigated that, only mixed production systems indicated a statistically positive relationship with FMD seropositivity, while other production systems, including nomadism and transhumance, showed a significant negative association with FMD seropositivity. It might be due to sampling size, farming method, animal management system, climate factors, and study area differences.…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 99%

Sero-Epidemiology and Associated Risk Factors of Foot-and-Mouth Disease (FMD) in the Northern Border Regions of Pakistan

Ullah

Munib

et al. 2023

Veterinary Sciences

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The present cross-sectional survey was carried out to investigate the distribution and risk factors of FMD in Pakistan’s northern border regions. About 385 serum samples were compiled from small ruminants (239) and large ruminants (146) and tested using 3ABC-Mab-bELISA. An overall apparent seroprevalence of 67.0% was documented. The highest seroprevalence of 81.1% was reported in the Swat, followed by 76.6% in Mohmand, 72.7% in Gilgit, 65.6% in Shangla, 63.4% in Bajaur, 46.6% in Chitral and lowest 46.5% in Khyber region. Statistically significant variations in seroprevalence of 51.5%, 71.8%, 58.3%, and 74.4% were recorded in sheep, goats, cattle, and buffaloes, respectively. From the different risk factors investigated, age, sex, species of animal, seasons, flock/herd size, farming methods, outbreak location, and nomadic animal movement were found to be significantly associated (p < 0.05) with the seroprevalence of FMD. It was concluded that proper epidemiological study, risk-based FMD surveillance in small ruminants, vaccination strategy, control measures for transboundary animal movement, collaborations, and awareness programs need to be practiced in the study regions to investigate the newly circulating virus strains in large and small ruminants and associated factors for the wide seroprevalence to plan proper control policies to bound the consequence of FMD in the region.

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Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 99%

Sero-Epidemiology and Associated Risk Factors of Foot-and-Mouth Disease (FMD) in the Northern Border Regions of Pakistan

Ullah

Munib

et al. 2023

Veterinary Sciences

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“…In Kenya, NSP ELISA national seroprevalence was recorded from 52.5% to 93% in different areas of the country [42][43][44] in cattle, whereas in small ruminants [45], 22.5% seroprevalence was documented by NSP ELISA. In swine, the seroprevalence using NSP ELISA was reported to be 54.4% [46], whereas in African buffalo, 77% seroprevalence was reported in Kenya by Omondi et al [44] using NSP ELISA.…”

Section: Distribution and Overall Prevalence Of Foot-and-mouth Diseas...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Epidemiological Dynamics of Foot-and-Mouth Disease in the Horn of Africa: The Role of Virus Diversity and Animal Movement

Woldemariyam

Kariuki

Kamau

et al. 2023

Viruses

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The Horn of Africa is a large area of arid and semi-arid land, holding about 10% of the global and 40% of the entire African livestock population. The region’s livestock production system is mainly extensive and pastoralist. It faces countless problems, such as a shortage of pastures and watering points, poor access to veterinary services, and multiple endemic diseases like foot-and-mouth disease (FMD). Foot-and-mouth disease is one of the most economically important livestock diseases worldwide and is endemic in most developing countries. Within Africa, five of the seven serotypes of the FMD virus (FMDV) are described, but serotype C is not circulating anymore, a burden unseen anywhere in the world. The enormous genetic diversity of FMDV is favored by an error-prone RNA-dependent RNA polymerase, intra-typic and inter-typic recombination, as well as the quasi-species nature of the virus. This paper describes the epidemiological dynamics of foot-and-mouth disease in the Horn of Africa with regard to the serotypes and topotypes distribution of FMDV, the livestock production systems practiced, animal movement, the role of wildlife, and the epidemiological complexity of FMD. Within this review, outbreak investigation data and serological studies confirm the endemicity of the disease in the Horn of Africa. Multiple topotypes of FMDV are described in the literature as circulating in the region, with further evolution of virus diversity predicted. A large susceptible livestock population and the presence of wild ungulates are described as complicating the epidemiology of the disease. Further, the husbandry practices and legal and illegal trading of livestock and their products, coupled with poor biosecurity practices, are also reported to impact the spread of FMDV within and between countries in the region. The porosity of borders for pastoralist herders fuels the unregulated transboundary livestock trade. There are no systematic control strategies in the region except for sporadic vaccination with locally produced vaccines, while literature indicates that effective control measures should also consider virus diversity, livestock movements/biosecurity, transboundary trade, and the reduction of contact with wild, susceptible ungulates.

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“…Foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) is the etiological agent responsible for foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) in cloven-hoofed livestock 1 . In livestock, the FMD is characterized by acute fever with formation of vesicles in the oral cavity and feet 2 , 3 . The aftereffects of this disease include loss of appetite and body weight, decreased milk yield, decreased draft power, abortions, etc.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This necessitates advanced statistical methods and tools for estimating the sero-prevalence rate at population-level using test results from NSP-ELISA. However, attempts have been made to estimate the FMDV sero-prevalence through cross sectional sample-based sero-surveillance in cattle 29 , 33 , 34 and small ruminants 29 in Ethiopia, cattle and wild life in Nigeria 35 , wild life and buffalo population in eastern Africa 36 , small ruminants in Kenya 2 , etc. In all these studies, the sero-prevalence results were limited to sample proportions (e.g., total sample: 384; positive sample: 76; sero-prevalence rate: 19.79%) 29 , 33 – 36 without going for country-level estimate of FMDV sero-prevalence rate.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Estimation of foot-and-mouth disease virus sero-prevalence rates using novel computational approach for the susceptible bovine population in India during the period 2008–2021

Das,

Pal,

Rautaray

et al. 2023

Sci Rep

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Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is a severe contagious viral disease of cloven-hoofed animals. In India, a vaccination-based official FMD control programme was started, which got expanded progressively to cover entire country in 2019. The serological tests are used to determine non-structural protein based sero-prevalence rates for properly implementing and assessing the control programme. Since 2008, reporting of the FMD sero-surveillance was limited to the serum sample-based serological test results without going for population-level estimation due to lack of proper statistical methodology. Thus, we present a computational approach for estimating the sero-prevalence rates at the state and national levels. Based on the reported approach, a web-application (https://nifmd-bbf.icar.gov.in/FMDSeroSurv) and an R software package (https://github.com/sam-dfmd/FMDSeroSurv) have been developed. The presented computational techniques are applied to the FMD sero-surveillance data during 2008–2021 to get the status of virus circulation in India under a strict vaccination policy. Furthermore, through various structural equation models, we attempt to establish a link between India’s estimated sero-prevalence rate and field FMD outbreaks. Our results indicate that the current sero-prevalence rates are significantly associated with previous field outbreaks up to 2 years. Besides, we observe downward trends in sero-prevalence and outbreaks over the years, specifically after 2013, which indicate the effectiveness of various measures implemented under the FMD control programme. The findings of the study may help researchers and policymakers to track virus infection and identification of potential disease-free zones through vaccination.

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Epidemiological study on foot-and-mouth disease in small ruminants: Sero-prevalence and risk factor assessment in Kenya

Cited by 6 publications

References 49 publications

Sero-Epidemiology and Associated Risk Factors of Foot-and-Mouth Disease (FMD) in the Northern Border Regions of Pakistan

Sero-Epidemiology and Associated Risk Factors of Foot-and-Mouth Disease (FMD) in the Northern Border Regions of Pakistan

Epidemiological Dynamics of Foot-and-Mouth Disease in the Horn of Africa: The Role of Virus Diversity and Animal Movement

Estimation of foot-and-mouth disease virus sero-prevalence rates using novel computational approach for the susceptible bovine population in India during the period 2008–2021

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