Diabetes mellitus: A journey of insulin

Abstract

Diabetes mellitus is a chronic ailment that impairs the production of or response to insulin, a hormone that helps to convert food into energy. Its complications are responsible for excess morbidity and mortality, loss of independence and reduce quality of life. Among the major cause of disablement and early death are ischemic heart disease, retinopathy, nephropathy, peripheral vascular disease and neuropathy. Insulin replacement therapy has been used in the clinical management of diabetes mellitus for more than 85 years. As subcutaneous injection is a painful episode so various approaches like transdermal, pulmonary, intranasal, colon targeted delivery, oral delivery is tried as an alternative way. Among them oral delivery is the challenging one because insulin cannot administered orally due to rapid enzymatic digestion in stomach. For oral delivery various technology, formulation and various modification approaches are going on. It is high time to invent an acceptable non-invasive insulin delivery for the diabetes to improve patient compliance and decrease the morbidity.Key Words: Insulin; Approaches; Obstacles; Route of administration; Non-invasive.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/icpj.v1i2.9447International Current Pharmaceutical Journal 2012, 1(2): 32-42

Influence of magnesium stearate on the physicochemical and pharmacodynamic characteristics of insulin-loaded Eudragit entrapped mucoadhesive microspheres

“…It implies that magnesium stearate potentiated the mucoadhesiveness of insulin-loaded Eudragit Õ entrapped microspheres in SIF. The high percentage mucoadhesion of the different batches of the microspheres in SIF signifies high mucoadhesive property in intestinal condition where insulin absorption takes place (Yamamoto et al, 1994;Chetty & Chien, 1998;Rosenstock, 2001;Dorkoosh, 2002;Eaimtrakarn et al, 2002;Cefalu, 2004;Chung, 2004;Attivi, 2005;DeFronzo et al, 2005;Ahmed & Goldstein, 2006;Chalasani, 2007;Cui, 2007;Damage et al, 2007;Evans et al, 2011;Akhter & Nijhu, 2012). This shows that the insulin-loaded microspheres will have a prolonged release and thereby enhance bioavailability of insulin, consistent with previous reports (Rosa et al, 2000;Jain et al, 2005;Builders et al, 2008a).…”

“…In this disease condition, hyperglycaemia occurs because of uncontrolled hepatic glucose production by skeletal muscle with reduced glycogen synthesis. Clinical manifestations of diabetes mellitus include glycosuria, polyuria, polyphagia and polydipsia (Owens, 2002;Evans et al, 2011;Akhter & Nijhu, 2012). Diet and exercise plays important role in the control of blood sugar and overall management of diabetes.…”

Formulation, characterization and evaluation of the effect of polymer concentration on the release behavior of insulin-loaded Eudragit®-entrapped mucoadhesive microspheres

“…In addition, administration of insulin via the oral route helps in eliminating the pain caused by injection and the psychological barriers linked with multiple daily injections such as needle anxiety and possible infections. [ 11 12 ]…”

pH sensitive insulin-loaded nanohydrogel increases the effect of oral insulin in diabetic rats

“…Type-1 diabetes comprises those forms of diabetes that are principally due to insulin deficiency. Type-2 diabetes contains those forms that result from a primary defect in insulin resistance (Akhter and Nijhu 2012. The diabetic foot syndrome includes a number of pathologies, including diabetic neuropathy, Charcot's neuroarthropathy, peripheral vascular disease, foot ulceration, osteomyelitis, are responsible for extra morbidity and mortality, reduced quality of life, loss of independence, and the potentially avoidable end point, amputation.…”

“…The diabetic foot syndrome includes a number of pathologies, including diabetic neuropathy, Charcot's neuroarthropathy, peripheral vascular disease, foot ulceration, osteomyelitis, are responsible for extra morbidity and mortality, reduced quality of life, loss of independence, and the potentially avoidable end point, amputation. Subjects with diabetic foot problems are also probable to harbor other associated complications of diabetes such as nephropathy, retinopathy, ischemic heart disease, and cerebrovascular disease (Akhter andNijhu 2012, Assaad-Khalil et al 2015).…”