Abstract:ObjectivesThis study estimates type 2 diabetes (T2DM) incidence in Samoans aged 25–64 years from sequential, irregularly spaced, cross-sectional population prevalence surveys.MethodsT2DM prevalence from eight population surveys conducted over 1978–2013 (n = 12,516) was adjusted for census region, sex, and 5-year age group to the nearest previous census. Annual T2DM incidence was calculated from adjusted prevalences (by sex), using birth cohorts constructed from age-period matrices. Projections of T2DM incidenc… Show more
“…Incidence of T2DM was ~90% lower among obese people who do not have any other MetS components, or evidence of IR, inflammation and fatty liver, than among the group with one or more of these metabolic abnormalities. The overall incidence of T2DM in our study is similar to that described in many cohorts from different regions around the world [1,[25][26][27][28][29].…”
Obese subjects without components of the metabolic syndrome, IR, fatty liver and inflammation have an approximately 11-fold lower risk of incident type 2 diabetes than obese subjects who have these risk factors. These simple factors could be used to target limited resources in high risk obese subjects in the prevention of diabetes.
“…Incidence of T2DM was ~90% lower among obese people who do not have any other MetS components, or evidence of IR, inflammation and fatty liver, than among the group with one or more of these metabolic abnormalities. The overall incidence of T2DM in our study is similar to that described in many cohorts from different regions around the world [1,[25][26][27][28][29].…”
Obese subjects without components of the metabolic syndrome, IR, fatty liver and inflammation have an approximately 11-fold lower risk of incident type 2 diabetes than obese subjects who have these risk factors. These simple factors could be used to target limited resources in high risk obese subjects in the prevention of diabetes.
“…This is the first study in Samoa to use HbA1c testing and the prevalence of 30.8% is likely to reflect the current Samoan prevalence of diabetes. The increasing trends of diabetes and hypertension, have been monitored closely in Samoa6 7 20 21 and have seen the development of MOH policies to address these health issues, which may also have contributed to the difference seen in the prevalence of diabetes.…”
ObjectivesIn 2019, under the World Kidney Day theme of ‘Kidney health for everyone everywhere’, the National Kidney Foundation of Samoa undertook an extensive community screening campaign to detect the estimated prevalence of chronic kidney disease (CKD) and its associated risk factors in the community.SettingFifteen screening sites, with 11 urban and rural sites on the main island of Upolu, and 4 in different rural areas on the island of Savaii.ParticipantsAll participants were self-referrals to the various screening sites. In total, 1163 Samoans were screened, with similar numbers from both urban and rural areas and similar numbers of female and male.Screening activitiesAll participants were screened for CKD using point of care serum creatinine determinations, with calculation of estimated glomerular filtration rate using the CKD-EPI formula and dipstix urinalysis. A standardised screening survey was used to capture demographic and medical history with associated risk factors of obesity, diabetes, using point of care determination of HbA1c and hypertension. Logistic regression was used to investigate the association of CKD with risk factors.ResultsIn total, 1163 people were screened for CKD within the month of March 2019. The prevalance of CKD (grades 1–5) was 44.5% (95% CI 41.6% to 47.4) with individual grade prevalence CKD 1: 3.7%, CKD 2: 6.1%, CKD 3: 30.7%, CKD 4: 2.9% and CKD 5: 1.0%. The prevalence of obesity (body mass index ≥32), diabetes and hypertension was 66.3%, 30.8% and 54.3%, respectively.ConclusionsThis is the first paper to report the estimated prevalence of CKD in Samoa or any other Pacific Island nation. It reveals an urgent need for further studies on the epidemiology of CKD in Samoa, to develop country-specific prevention strategies to mitigate this growing burden and prevent subsequent CKD associated complications including development of kidney failure and premature death.
“…Metabolic syndrome can be a specific composite pattern of risk factors that bring the individual in greater risk of having diabetes. Several conditions of metabolic syndrome include abdominal obesity, impaired glucose regulation, dyslipidemias and hypertension [18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26].…”
Section: Advances In Health Sciences Research Volume 22mentioning
The prevalence of obesity is high in Indonesia. It was associated with the increasing prevalence of diabetes (DM). Metabolic syndrome (MS) is known could increase DM prevalence. It is important to understand if the DM incidence is higher among those who have MS among obese. Objective: To determine DM risk obese among Indonesian adults with MS. Methods: Since 2011, Indonesia has conducted a prospective cohort study of NCD risk factors in Bogor City. Incident of DM during a median follow-up of 6 years was assessed among 5192 adults include 752 adults with MS. Diagnosis of DM determined by clinical examination and fasting blood glucose levels, i.e. ≥ 126 mg / dL and/or results of blood glucose 2 hours after glucose load, i.e. ≥ 200mg/dL. Consistency of high BMI was used to define obesity (≥30 kg/m 2). MS was defined according to the criteria of the International Diabetes Federation (IDF). Results: The incidence rate of DM among adults with MS was 74 per 1,000 person-years. The incidence rate of DM among adult with MS and obese was 98 per 1,000 person-years. Meanwhile, among adult with MS but not obese was 25 per 1,000 person-years. In a multivariable model adjusted for age, sex, and family history of diabetes, a higher DM risk was observed among MS-obesecompared with MSnon obese (HR 3.64 [95% CI 2.36-5.66]. Therefore, DM risk obese among Indonesian adults with MS is high. Interventional programs are important to MS treatment and obese prevention including promoting awareness of healthy lifestyle changes.
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